1. Using the x509 module
openssl x509 ...
...
2 Using the ca module
openssl ca ...
...
你错过了这些命令的前奏。
这是一个两步过程。首先设置 CA,然后签署最终实体证书(也称为服务器或用户)。这两个命令都将两个步骤合二为一。两者都假设您已经为 CA 和服务器(终端实体)证书设置了一个 OpenSSL 配置文件。
首先,创建一个基本配置文件:
$ touch openssl-ca.cnf
然后,将以下内容添加到其中:
HOME = .
RANDFILE = $ENV::HOME/.rnd
####################################################################
[ ca ]
default_ca = CA_default # The default ca section
[ CA_default ]
default_days = 1000 # How long to certify for
default_crl_days = 30 # How long before next CRL
default_md = sha256 # Use public key default MD
preserve = no # Keep passed DN ordering
x509_extensions = ca_extensions # The extensions to add to the cert
email_in_dn = no # Don't concat the email in the DN
copy_extensions = copy # Required to copy SANs from CSR to cert
####################################################################
[ req ]
default_bits = 4096
default_keyfile = cakey.pem
distinguished_name = ca_distinguished_name
x509_extensions = ca_extensions
string_mask = utf8only
####################################################################
[ ca_distinguished_name ]
countryName = Country Name (2 letter code)
countryName_default = US
stateOrProvinceName = State or Province Name (full name)
stateOrProvinceName_default = Maryland
localityName = Locality Name (eg, city)
localityName_default = Baltimore
organizationName = Organization Name (eg, company)
organizationName_default = Test CA, Limited
organizationalUnitName = Organizational Unit (eg, division)
organizationalUnitName_default = Server Research Department
commonName = Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name)
commonName_default = Test CA
emailAddress = Email Address
emailAddress_default = test@example.com
####################################################################
[ ca_extensions ]
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always, issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = keyCertSign, cRLSign
上面的字段取自更复杂的字段openssl.cnf
(您可以在 中找到/usr/lib/openssl.cnf
),但我认为它们是创建 CA 证书和私钥的必需品。
调整上面的字段以适应您的口味。默认设置可以节省您在尝试配置文件和命令选项时输入相同信息的时间。
我省略了与 CRL 相关的内容,但您的 CA 操作应该有它们。请参阅openssl.cnf
和相关crl_ext
部分。
然后,执行以下操作。-nodes
省略密码或密码,以便您可以检查证书。省略密码或密码短语是一个非常 糟糕的主意。
$ openssl req -x509 -config openssl-ca.cnf -newkey rsa:4096 -sha256 -nodes -out cacert.pem -outform PEM
命令执行后,cacert.pem
将是您用于 CA 操作的证书,并且cakey.pem
将是私钥。回想一下,私钥没有密码或密码。
您可以使用以下内容转储证书。
$ openssl x509 -in cacert.pem -text -noout
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number: 11485830970703032316 (0x9f65de69ceef2ffc)
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=MD, L=Baltimore, CN=Test CA/emailAddress=test@example.com
Validity
Not Before: Jan 24 14:24:11 2014 GMT
Not After : Feb 23 14:24:11 2014 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=MD, L=Baltimore, CN=Test CA/emailAddress=test@example.com
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
Public-Key: (4096 bit)
Modulus:
00:b1:7f:29:be:78:02:b8:56:54:2d:2c:ec:ff:6d:
...
39:f9:1e:52:cb:8e:bf:8b:9e:a6:93:e1:22:09:8b:
59:05:9f
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
4A:9A:F3:10:9E:D7:CF:54:79:DE:46:75:7A:B0:D0:C1:0F:CF:C1:8A
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:4A:9A:F3:10:9E:D7:CF:54:79:DE:46:75:7A:B0:D0:C1:0F:CF:C1:8A
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
CA:TRUE
X509v3 Key Usage:
Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
4a:6f:1f:ac:fd:fb:1e:a4:6d:08:eb:f5:af:f6:1e:48:a5:c7:
...
cd:c6:ac:30:f9:15:83:41:c1:d1:20:fa:85:e7:4f:35:8f:b5:
38:ff:fd:55:68:2c:3e:37
并使用以下内容测试其目的(不要担心Any Purpose: Yes
; 请参阅“critical,CA:FALSE”但“Any Purpose CA : Yes”)。
$ openssl x509 -purpose -in cacert.pem -inform PEM
Certificate purposes:
SSL client : No
SSL client CA : Yes
SSL server : No
SSL server CA : Yes
Netscape SSL server : No
Netscape SSL server CA : Yes
S/MIME signing : No
S/MIME signing CA : Yes
S/MIME encryption : No
S/MIME encryption CA : Yes
CRL signing : Yes
CRL signing CA : Yes
Any Purpose : Yes
Any Purpose CA : Yes
OCSP helper : Yes
OCSP helper CA : Yes
Time Stamp signing : No
Time Stamp signing CA : Yes
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIFpTCCA42gAwIBAgIJAJ9l3mnO7y/8MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMGExCzAJBgNV
...
aQUtFrV4hpmJUaQZ7ySr/RjCb4KYkQpTkOtKJOU1Ic3GrDD5FYNBwdEg+oXnTzWP
tTj//VVoLD43
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
对于第二部分,我将创建另一个易于理解的配置文件。首先,touch
(openssl-server.cnf
您也可以为用户证书制作其中之一)。
$ touch openssl-server.cnf
然后打开它,并添加以下内容。
HOME = .
RANDFILE = $ENV::HOME/.rnd
####################################################################
[ req ]
default_bits = 2048
default_keyfile = serverkey.pem
distinguished_name = server_distinguished_name
req_extensions = server_req_extensions
string_mask = utf8only
####################################################################
[ server_distinguished_name ]
countryName = Country Name (2 letter code)
countryName_default = US
stateOrProvinceName = State or Province Name (full name)
stateOrProvinceName_default = MD
localityName = Locality Name (eg, city)
localityName_default = Baltimore
organizationName = Organization Name (eg, company)
organizationName_default = Test Server, Limited
commonName = Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name)
commonName_default = Test Server
emailAddress = Email Address
emailAddress_default = test@example.com
####################################################################
[ server_req_extensions ]
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
subjectAltName = @alternate_names
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Certificate"
####################################################################
[ alternate_names ]
DNS.1 = example.com
DNS.2 = www.example.com
DNS.3 = mail.example.com
DNS.4 = ftp.example.com
如果您正在开发并需要将工作站用作服务器,那么您可能需要对 Chrome 执行以下操作。否则Chrome 可能会抱怨Common Name is invalid ( ERR_CERT_COMMON_NAME_INVALID
)。在这种情况下,我不确定 SAN 中的 IP 地址和 CN 之间的关系是什么。
# IPv4 localhost
IP.1 = 127.0.0.1
# IPv6 localhost
IP.2 = ::1
然后,创建服务器证书请求。一定要省略 -x509
*. 添加-x509
将创建一个证书,而不是一个请求。
$ openssl req -config openssl-server.cnf -newkey rsa:2048 -sha256 -nodes -out servercert.csr -outform PEM
此命令执行后,您将有一个请求 inservercert.csr
和一个私钥 in serverkey.pem
。
你可以再次检查它。
$ openssl req -text -noout -verify -in servercert.csr
Certificate:
verify OK
Certificate Request:
Version: 0 (0x0)
Subject: C=US, ST=MD, L=Baltimore, CN=Test Server/emailAddress=test@example.com
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus:
00:ce:3d:58:7f:a0:59:92:aa:7c:a0:82:dc:c9:6d:
...
f9:5e:0c:ba:84:eb:27:0d:d9:e7:22:5d:fe:e5:51:
86:e1
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
Attributes:
Requested Extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
1F:09:EF:79:9A:73:36:C1:80:52:60:2D:03:53:C7:B6:BD:63:3B:61
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Key Usage:
Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
DNS:example.com, DNS:www.example.com, DNS:mail.example.com, DNS:ftp.example.com
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
6d:e8:d3:85:b3:88:d4:1a:80:9e:67:0d:37:46:db:4d:9a:81:
...
76:6a:22:0a:41:45:1f:e2:d6:e4:8f:a1:ca:de:e5:69:98:88:
a9:63:d0:a7
接下来,您必须使用您的 CA 对其进行签名。
您几乎已准备好由您的 CA 签署服务器证书。CAopenssl-ca.cnf
在发出命令之前还需要两个部分。
首先,打开openssl-ca.cnf
并添加以下两个部分。
####################################################################
[ signing_policy ]
countryName = optional
stateOrProvinceName = optional
localityName = optional
organizationName = optional
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
####################################################################
[ signing_req ]
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
其次,将以下内容添加[ CA_default ]
到openssl-ca.cnf
. 我之前把它们排除在外,因为它们会使事情复杂化(当时它们还没有被使用)。现在你会看到它们是如何被使用的,所以希望它们是有意义的。
base_dir = .
certificate = $base_dir/cacert.pem # The CA certifcate
private_key = $base_dir/cakey.pem # The CA private key
new_certs_dir = $base_dir # Location for new certs after signing
database = $base_dir/index.txt # Database index file
serial = $base_dir/serial.txt # The current serial number
unique_subject = no # Set to 'no' to allow creation of
# several certificates with same subject.
三、触摸index.txt
和serial.txt
:
$ touch index.txt
$ echo '01' > serial.txt
然后,执行以下操作:
$ openssl ca -config openssl-ca.cnf -policy signing_policy -extensions signing_req -out servercert.pem -infiles servercert.csr
您应该看到类似于以下内容:
Using configuration from openssl-ca.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
The Subject's Distinguished Name is as follows
countryName :PRINTABLE:'US'
stateOrProvinceName :ASN.1 12:'MD'
localityName :ASN.1 12:'Baltimore'
commonName :ASN.1 12:'Test CA'
emailAddress :IA5STRING:'test@example.com'
Certificate is to be certified until Oct 20 16:12:39 2016 GMT (1000 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:Y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]Y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
命令执行后,您将在servercert.pem
. 私钥是较早创建的,可在serverkey.pem
.
最后,您可以使用以下内容检查新铸造的证书:
$ openssl x509 -in servercert.pem -text -noout
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number: 9 (0x9)
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=MD, L=Baltimore, CN=Test CA/emailAddress=test@example.com
Validity
Not Before: Jan 24 19:07:36 2014 GMT
Not After : Oct 20 19:07:36 2016 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=MD, L=Baltimore, CN=Test Server
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus:
00:ce:3d:58:7f:a0:59:92:aa:7c:a0:82:dc:c9:6d:
...
f9:5e:0c:ba:84:eb:27:0d:d9:e7:22:5d:fe:e5:51:
86:e1
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
1F:09:EF:79:9A:73:36:C1:80:52:60:2D:03:53:C7:B6:BD:63:3B:61
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:42:15:F2:CA:9C:B1:BB:F5:4C:2C:66:27:DA:6D:2E:5F:BA:0F:C5:9E
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Key Usage:
Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
DNS:example.com, DNS:www.example.com, DNS:mail.example.com, DNS:ftp.example.com
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
b1:40:f6:34:f4:38:c8:57:d4:b6:08:f7:e2:71:12:6b:0e:4a:
...
45:71:06:a9:86:b6:0f:6d:8d:e1:c5:97:8d:fd:59:43:e9:3c:
56:a5:eb:c8:7e:9f:6b:7a
之前,您将以下内容添加到CA_default
: copy_extensions = copy
。这复制了提出请求的人提供的扩展名。
如果您省略copy_extensions = copy
,那么您的服务器证书将缺少主题备用名称 (SAN),例如www.example.com
和mail.example.com
。
如果您使用copy_extensions = copy
,但不查看请求,则请求者可能会诱骗您签署诸如从属根(而不是服务器或用户证书)之类的东西。这意味着他/她将能够铸造链接回您信任的根的证书。请务必openssl req -verify
在签名前验证请求。
如果您省略 unique_subject
或将其设置为yes
,那么您将只能在主题的专有名称下创建一个证书。
unique_subject = yes # Set to 'no' to allow creation of
# several ctificates with same subject.
在使用 CA 的私钥签署服务器证书时,尝试在试验时创建第二个证书会导致以下结果:
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:Y
failed to update database
TXT_DB error number 2
所以unique_subject = no
非常适合测试。
如果要确保自签名 CA、从属 CA和最终实体证书之间的组织名称一致,请将以下内容添加到您的 CA 配置文件中:
[ policy_match ]
organizationName = match
如果要允许更改组织名称,请使用:
[ policy_match ]
organizationName = supplied
关于在 X.509/PKIX 证书中处理 DNS 名称还有其他规则。有关规则,请参阅这些文档:
列出了 RFC 6797 和 RFC 7469,因为它们比其他 RFC 和 CA/B 文档更严格。RFC 的 6797 和 7469也不允许IP 地址。