10

我正在开发一个基于传感器数据计算位置的 android 应用程序

  1. 加速度计 --> 计算线性加速度

  2. 磁力计 + 加速度计 --> 运动方向

初始位置将从 GPS(纬度 + 经度)获取。

现在基于传感器的读数,我需要计算智能手机的新位置:

我的算法如下 - (但不计算准确位置):请帮我改进它。

注意: 我的算法代码在 C# 中(我将传感器数据发送到服务器 - 数据存储在数据库中。我正在计算服务器上的位置)

所有 DateTime 对象都使用时间戳计算 - 从 01-01-1970

    var prevLocation = ServerHandler.getLatestPosition(IMEI);
    var newLocation = new ReceivedDataDTO()
                          {
                              LocationDataDto = new LocationDataDTO(),
                              UsersDto = new UsersDTO(),
                              DeviceDto = new DeviceDTO(),
                              SensorDataDto = new SensorDataDTO()
                          };

    //First Reading
    if (prevLocation.Latitude == null)
    {
        //Save GPS Readings
        newLocation.LocationDataDto.DeviceId = ServerHandler.GetDeviceIdByIMEI(IMEI);
        newLocation.LocationDataDto.Latitude = Latitude;
        newLocation.LocationDataDto.Longitude = Longitude;
        newLocation.LocationDataDto.Acceleration = float.Parse(currentAcceleration);
        newLocation.LocationDataDto.Direction = float.Parse(currentDirection);
        newLocation.LocationDataDto.Speed = (float) 0.0;
        newLocation.LocationDataDto.ReadingDateTime = date;
        newLocation.DeviceDto.IMEI = IMEI;
        // saving to database
        ServerHandler.SaveReceivedData(newLocation);
        return;
    }


    //If Previous Position not NULL --> Calculate New Position
   **//Algorithm Starts HERE**

    var oldLatitude = Double.Parse(prevLocation.Latitude);
    var oldLongitude = Double.Parse(prevLocation.Longitude);
    var direction = Double.Parse(currentDirection);
    Double initialVelocity = prevLocation.Speed;

    //Get Current Time to calculate time Travelling - In seconds
    var secondsTravelling = date - tripStartTime;
    var t = secondsTravelling.TotalSeconds;

    //Calculate Distance using physice formula, s= Vi * t + 0.5 *  a * t^2
    // distanceTravelled = initialVelocity * timeTravelling + 0.5 * currentAcceleration * timeTravelling * timeTravelling;
    var distanceTravelled = initialVelocity * t + 0.5 * Double.Parse(currentAcceleration) * t * t;

    //Calculate the Final Velocity/ Speed of the device.
    // this Final Velocity is the Initil Velocity of the next reading
    //Physics Formula: Vf = Vi + a * t
    var finalvelocity = initialVelocity + Double.Parse(currentAcceleration) * t;


    //Convert from Degree to Radians (For Formula)
    oldLatitude = Math.PI * oldLatitude / 180;
    oldLongitude = Math.PI * oldLongitude / 180;
    direction = Math.PI * direction / 180.0;

    //Calculate the New Longitude and Latitude
    var newLatitude = Math.Asin(Math.Sin(oldLatitude) * Math.Cos(distanceTravelled / earthRadius) + Math.Cos(oldLatitude) * Math.Sin(distanceTravelled / earthRadius) * Math.Cos(direction));
    var newLongitude = oldLongitude + Math.Atan2(Math.Sin(direction) * Math.Sin(distanceTravelled / earthRadius) * Math.Cos(oldLatitude), Math.Cos(distanceTravelled / earthRadius) - Math.Sin(oldLatitude) * Math.Sin(newLatitude));

    //Convert From Radian to degree/Decimal
    newLatitude = 180 * newLatitude / Math.PI;
    newLongitude = 180 * newLongitude / Math.PI;

这是我得到的结果——>电话没有移动。如您所见,速度是 27.3263111114502 所以计算速度有问题,但我不知道是什么

在此处输入图像描述

回答:

我找到了一个基于传感器计算位置的解决方案:我在下面发布了一个答案。

如果您需要任何帮助,请发表评论

这是与 GPS 相比的结果(注: GPS 为红色)

在此处输入图像描述

4

6 回答 6

9

正如你们中的一些人提到的那样,您的方程式错误,但这只是错误的一部分。

  1. 牛顿 - 非相对论速度的 D'Alembert 物理学规定了这一点:

    // init values
    double ax=0.0,ay=0.0,az=0.0; // acceleration [m/s^2]
    double vx=0.0,vy=0.0,vz=0.0; // velocity [m/s]
    double  x=0.0, y=0.0, z=0.0; // position [m]
    
    // iteration inside some timer (dt [seconds] period) ...
    ax,ay,az = accelerometer values
    vx+=ax*dt; // update speed via integration of acceleration
    vy+=ay*dt;
    vz+=az*dt;
     x+=vx*dt; // update position via integration of velocity
     y+=vy*dt;
     z+=vz*dt;
    
  2. 传感器可以旋转,因此必须应用方向:

    // init values
    double gx=0.0,gy=-9.81,gz=0.0; // [edit1] background gravity in map coordinate system [m/s^2]
    double ax=0.0,ay=0.0,az=0.0; // acceleration [m/s^2]
    double vx=0.0,vy=0.0,vz=0.0; // velocity [m/s]
    double  x=0.0, y=0.0, z=0.0; // position [m]
    double dev[9]; // actual device transform matrix ... local coordinate system
    (x,y,z) <- GPS position;
    
    // iteration inside some timer (dt [seconds] period) ...
    dev <- compass direction
    ax,ay,az = accelerometer values (measured in device space)
    (ax,ay,az) = dev*(ax,ay,az);  // transform acceleration from device space to global map space without any translation to preserve vector magnitude
    ax-=gx;    // [edit1] remove background gravity (in map coordinate system)
    ay-=gy;
    az-=gz;
    vx+=ax*dt; // update speed (in map coordinate system)
    vy+=ay*dt;
    vz+=az*dt;
     x+=vx*dt; // update position (in map coordinate system)
     y+=vy*dt;
     z+=vz*dt;
    
    • gx,gy,gz是全球重力矢量(~9.81 m/s^2在地球上)
    • 在代码中,我的全局Y轴指向上方,因此gy=-9.81其余的是0.0
  3. 测量时机很关键

    必须尽可能经常检查加速度计(第二个是很长的时间)。我建议不要使用大于 10 毫秒的计时器周期来保持准确性,而且您应该不时使用 GPS 值覆盖计算的位置。指南针方向可以不经常检查,但需要适当的过滤

  4. 指南针始终不正确

    罗盘值应针对某些峰值进行过滤。有时它会读取错误的值,也可能会因电磁污染或金属环境而关闭。在这种情况下,可以通过 GPS 在移动过程中检查方向并进行一些修正。例如,每分钟检查一次 GPS 并将 GPS 方向与指南针进行比较,如果它始终以某个角度出现,则添加或减去它。

  5. 为什么要在服务器上进行简单的计算???

    讨厌上网浪费流量。是的,您可以在服务器上记录数据(但我仍然认为设备上的文件会更好)但是为什么要通过互联网连接来限制位置功能???更不用说延迟了...

[编辑 1] 附加说明

稍微修改了上面的代码。方向必须尽可能精确,以尽量减少累积误差。

陀螺仪会比指南针更好(甚至更好地同时使用它们)。应该过滤加速度。一些低通滤波应该没问题。去除重力后,我会将 ax,ay,az 限制为可用值并丢弃太小的值。如果接近低速也做完全停止(如果它不是火车或真空中的运动)。这应该会降低漂移但会增加其他错误,因此必须在它们之间找到折衷方案。

即时添加校准。当过滤acceleration = 9.81或非常靠近它时,设备可能会静止不动(除非它是飞行机器)。方向/方向可以通过实际重力方向进行校正。

于 2013-11-04T09:32:10.853 回答
5

加速度传感器和陀螺仪不适合位置计算。
几秒钟后,错误变得难以置信的高。(我几乎不记得双重积分是问题所在)。
看看这个关于传感器融合的谷歌技术谈话视频,他非常详细地解释了为什么这是不可能的。

于 2013-11-06T18:04:52.653 回答
3

在解决了我使用传感器计算的位置后,我想在这里发布我的代码,以防将来有人需要:

注意:这仅在三星 Galaxy S2 手机上进行了检查,并且仅在人带着手机走路时进行了检查,在汽车或自行车上移动时未进行过测试

这是我与 GPS 比较时得到的结果,(红线 GPS,蓝色是使用传感器计算的位置)

这是我与 GPS 比较时得到的结果,(红线 GPS,蓝色是使用传感器计算的位置)

该代码效率不高,但我希望我分享此代码将帮助某人并为他们指明正确的方向。

我有两个单独的课程:

  1. 计算位置
  2. 自定义传感器服务

    公共类CalculatePosition {

            static Double earthRadius = 6378D;
            static Double oldLatitude,oldLongitude;
            static Boolean IsFirst = true;
    
            static Double sensorLatitude, sensorLongitude;
    
            static Date CollaborationWithGPSTime;
            public static float[] results;
    
    
    
            public static void calculateNewPosition(Context applicationContext,
                    Float currentAcceleration, Float currentSpeed,
                    Float currentDistanceTravelled, Float currentDirection, Float TotalDistance) {
    
    
                results = new float[3];
                if(IsFirst){
                    CollaborationWithGPSTime = new Date();
                    Toast.makeText(applicationContext, "First", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                    oldLatitude = CustomLocationListener.mLatitude;
                    oldLongitude = CustomLocationListener.mLongitude;
                    sensorLatitude = oldLatitude;
                    sensorLongitude = oldLongitude;
                    LivePositionActivity.PlotNewPosition(oldLongitude,oldLatitude,currentDistanceTravelled * 1000, currentAcceleration, currentSpeed, currentDirection, "GPSSensor",0.0F,TotalDistance);
                    IsFirst  = false;
                    return;
                } 
    
                Date CurrentDateTime = new Date();
    
                if(CurrentDateTime.getTime() - CollaborationWithGPSTime.getTime() > 900000){
                    //This IF Statement is to Collaborate with GPS position --> For accuracy --> 900,000 == 15 minutes
                    oldLatitude = CustomLocationListener.mLatitude;
                    oldLongitude = CustomLocationListener.mLongitude;
                    LivePositionActivity.PlotNewPosition(oldLongitude,oldLatitude,currentDistanceTravelled * 1000, currentAcceleration, currentSpeed, currentDirection, "GPSSensor", 0.0F, 0.0F);
                    return;
                }
    
                //Convert Variables to Radian for the Formula
                oldLatitude = Math.PI * oldLatitude / 180;
                oldLongitude = Math.PI * oldLongitude / 180;
                currentDirection = (float) (Math.PI * currentDirection / 180.0);
    
                //Formulae to Calculate the NewLAtitude and NewLongtiude
                Double newLatitude = Math.asin(Math.sin(oldLatitude) * Math.cos(currentDistanceTravelled / earthRadius) + 
                        Math.cos(oldLatitude) * Math.sin(currentDistanceTravelled / earthRadius) * Math.cos(currentDirection));
                Double newLongitude = oldLongitude + Math.atan2(Math.sin(currentDirection) * Math.sin(currentDistanceTravelled / earthRadius)
                        * Math.cos(oldLatitude), Math.cos(currentDistanceTravelled / earthRadius)
                        - Math.sin(oldLatitude) * Math.sin(newLatitude));
    
                //Convert Back from radians
                newLatitude = 180 * newLatitude / Math.PI;
                newLongitude = 180 * newLongitude / Math.PI;
                currentDirection = (float) (180 * currentDirection / Math.PI);
    
                //Update old Latitude and Longitude
                oldLatitude = newLatitude;
                oldLongitude = newLongitude;
    
                sensorLatitude = oldLatitude;
                sensorLongitude = oldLongitude;
    
                IsFirst = false;
                //Plot Position on Map
                LivePositionActivity.PlotNewPosition(newLongitude,newLatitude,currentDistanceTravelled * 1000, currentAcceleration, currentSpeed, currentDirection, "Sensor", results[0],TotalDistance);
    
    
    
    
    
        }
    }
    

    公共类 CustomSensorService 扩展服务实现 SensorEventListener{

    static SensorManager sensorManager;
    static Sensor mAccelerometer;
    private Sensor mMagnetometer;
    private Sensor mLinearAccelertion;
    
    static Context mContext;
    
    private static float[] AccelerometerValue;
    private static float[] MagnetometerValue;
    
    public static  Float currentAcceleration = 0.0F;
    public static  Float  currentDirection = 0.0F;
    public static Float CurrentSpeed = 0.0F;
    public static Float CurrentDistanceTravelled = 0.0F;
    /*---------------------------------------------*/
    float[] prevValues,speed;
    float[] currentValues;
    float prevTime, currentTime, changeTime,distanceY,distanceX,distanceZ;
    float[] currentVelocity;
    public static CalculatePosition CalcPosition;
    /*-----FILTER VARIABLES-------------------------*-/
     * 
     * 
     */
    
    public static Float prevAcceleration = 0.0F;
    public static Float prevSpeed = 0.0F;
    public static Float prevDistance = 0.0F;
    
    public static Float totalDistance;
    
    TextView tv;
    Boolean First,FirstSensor = true;
    
    @Override
    public void onCreate(){
    
        super.onCreate();
        mContext = getApplicationContext();
        CalcPosition =  new CalculatePosition();
        First = FirstSensor = true;
        currentValues = new float[3];
        prevValues = new float[3];
        currentVelocity = new float[3];
        speed = new float[3];
        totalDistance = 0.0F;
        Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Service Created",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
    
        sensorManager = (SensorManager) getSystemService(SENSOR_SERVICE);
    
        mAccelerometer = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER);
        mMagnetometer = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD);
        //mGyro = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_GYROSCOPE);
        mLinearAccelertion = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_LINEAR_ACCELERATION);
    
        sensorManager.registerListener(this, mAccelerometer, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL);
        sensorManager.registerListener(this, mMagnetometer, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL);
        //sensorManager.registerListener(this, mGyro, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL);
        sensorManager.registerListener(this, mLinearAccelertion, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL);
    
    }
    
    @Override
    public void onDestroy(){
        Toast.makeText(this, "Service Destroyed", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        sensorManager.unregisterListener(this);
        //sensorManager = null;
        super.onDestroy();
    }
    @Override
    public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    
    }
    
    @Override
    public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
    
        float[] values = event.values;
        Sensor mSensor = event.sensor;
    
        if(mSensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER){
            AccelerometerValue = values;
        }
    
        if(mSensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_LINEAR_ACCELERATION){           
            if(First){
                prevValues = values;
                prevTime = event.timestamp / 1000000000;
                First = false;
                currentVelocity[0] = currentVelocity[1] = currentVelocity[2] = 0;
                distanceX = distanceY= distanceZ = 0;
            }
            else{
                currentTime = event.timestamp / 1000000000.0f;
    
                changeTime = currentTime - prevTime;
    
                prevTime = currentTime;
    
    
    
                calculateDistance(event.values, changeTime);
    
                currentAcceleration =  (float) Math.sqrt(event.values[0] * event.values[0] + event.values[1] * event.values[1] + event.values[2] * event.values[2]);
    
                CurrentSpeed = (float) Math.sqrt(speed[0] * speed[0] + speed[1] * speed[1] + speed[2] * speed[2]);
                CurrentDistanceTravelled = (float) Math.sqrt(distanceX *  distanceX + distanceY * distanceY +  distanceZ * distanceZ);
                CurrentDistanceTravelled = CurrentDistanceTravelled / 1000;
    
                if(FirstSensor){
                    prevAcceleration = currentAcceleration;
                    prevDistance = CurrentDistanceTravelled;
                    prevSpeed = CurrentSpeed;
                    FirstSensor = false;
                }
                prevValues = values;
    
            }
        }
    
        if(mSensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD){
            MagnetometerValue = values;
        }
    
        if(currentAcceleration != prevAcceleration || CurrentSpeed != prevSpeed || prevDistance != CurrentDistanceTravelled){
    
            if(!FirstSensor)
                totalDistance = totalDistance + CurrentDistanceTravelled * 1000;
            if (AccelerometerValue != null && MagnetometerValue != null && currentAcceleration != null) {
                //Direction
                float RT[] = new float[9];
                float I[] = new float[9];
                boolean success = SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(RT, I, AccelerometerValue,
                        MagnetometerValue);
                if (success) {
                    float orientation[] = new float[3];
                    SensorManager.getOrientation(RT, orientation);
                    float azimut = (float) Math.round(Math.toDegrees(orientation[0]));
                    currentDirection =(azimut+ 360) % 360;
                    if( CurrentSpeed > 0.2){
                        CalculatePosition.calculateNewPosition(getApplicationContext(),currentAcceleration,CurrentSpeed,CurrentDistanceTravelled,currentDirection,totalDistance);
                    }
                }
                prevAcceleration = currentAcceleration;
                prevSpeed = CurrentSpeed;
                prevDistance = CurrentDistanceTravelled;
            }
        }
    
    }
    
    
    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent arg0) {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        return null;
    }
    public void calculateDistance (float[] acceleration, float deltaTime) {
        float[] distance = new float[acceleration.length];
    
        for (int i = 0; i < acceleration.length; i++) {
            speed[i] = acceleration[i] * deltaTime;
            distance[i] = speed[i] * deltaTime + acceleration[i] * deltaTime * deltaTime / 2;
        }
        distanceX = distance[0];
        distanceY = distance[1];
        distanceZ = distance[2];
    }
    

    }

编辑:

public static void PlotNewPosition(Double newLatitude, Double newLongitude, Float currentDistance, 
        Float currentAcceleration, Float currentSpeed, Float currentDirection, String dataType) {

    LatLng newPosition = new LatLng(newLongitude,newLatitude);

    if(dataType == "Sensor"){
        tvAcceleration.setText("Speed: " + currentSpeed + " Acceleration: " + currentAcceleration + " Distance: " + currentDistance +" Direction: " + currentDirection + " \n"); 
        map.addMarker(new MarkerOptions()
        .position(newPosition)
        .title("Position")
        .snippet("Sensor Position")
        .icon(BitmapDescriptorFactory
                .fromResource(R.drawable.line)));
    }else if(dataType == "GPSSensor"){
        map.addMarker(new MarkerOptions()
        .position(newPosition)
        .title("PositionCollaborated")
        .snippet("GPS Position"));
    }
    else{
        map.addMarker(new MarkerOptions()
        .position(newPosition)
        .title("Position")
        .snippet("New Position")
        .icon(BitmapDescriptorFactory
                .fromResource(R.drawable.linered)));
    }
    map.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLngZoom(newPosition, 18));
}
于 2014-05-19T21:52:19.703 回答
1

根据我们的讨论,由于你的加速度是不断变化的,你所应用的运动方程不会给你一个准确的答案。

当您获得新的加速度读数时,您可能必须不断更新您的位置和速度。

由于这将非常低效,我的建议是每隔几秒调用一次更新函数,并使用该期间的加速度平均值来获得新的速度和位置。

于 2013-11-04T09:03:05.900 回答
0

我不太确定,但我最好的猜测是围绕这部分:

Double initialVelocity = prevLocation.Speed;
var t = secondsTravelling.TotalSeconds;
var finalvelocity = initialVelocity + Double.Parse(currentAcceleration) * t;

如果让我们在 prevLocation 说速度是:27.326... 并且 t==0 和 currentAcceleration ==0 (正如你所说的你是空闲的)最终速度将下降到

var finalvelocity = 27.326 + 0*0;
var finalvelocity == 27.326

如果finalvelocity变成currentlocation的速度,那么previouslocation = currentlocation。这意味着您的最终速度可能不会下降。但是话又说回来,这里有很多假设。

于 2013-11-01T13:37:22.960 回答
-2

好像你在给自己做事。您应该能够简单地使用Google Play Service Location API并轻松准确地访问位置、方向、速度等。

我会考虑使用它而不是为它做服务器端的工作。

于 2013-11-01T13:06:25.250 回答