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一般来说,我是 ArrayFire 和 CUDA 开发的新手,几天前我在使用 Thrust 失败后才开始使用 ArrayFire。我正在构建一个基于 ArrayFire 的算法,该算法应该在存储到设备内存中的数十万个 32x32 帧的数据库中搜索单个 32x32 像素帧。首先,我初始化了一个矩阵,该矩阵具有 1024 + 1 个像素作为行(我需要一个额外的像素来保留帧组 ID)和预定义数量(本例为 1000)的帧,由列索引。

这是执行搜索的函数,如果我取消注释“pixels_uint32 = device_frame_ptr[pixel_group_idx];” 程序崩溃。该指针似乎是有效的,所以我不明白为什么会发生这种情况。也许我不知道以这种方式访问​​设备内存?

#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <arrayfire.h>

#include "utils.h"

using namespace af;
using namespace std;

/////////////////////////// CUDA settings ////////////////////////////////
#define TEST_DEBUG false
#define MAX_NUMBER_OF_FRAMES  1000 // maximum (2499999 frames) X (1024 + 1 pixels per frame) x (2 bytes per pixel) = 5.124.997.950 bytes (~ 5GB)
#define BLOB_FINGERPRINT_SIZE 1024 //32x32

//percentage of macroblocks that should match: 0.9 means 90%
#define MACROBLOCK_COMPARISON_OVERALL_THRESHOLD 768 //1024 * 0.75
//////////////////////// End of CUDA settings ////////////////////////////

array search_frame(array d_db_vec) 
{
    try {
        uint number_of_uint32_for_frame = BLOB_FINGERPRINT_SIZE / 2;

        // create one-element array to hold the result of the computation
        array frame_found(1,MAX_NUMBER_OF_FRAMES, u32);
        frame_found = 0;

        gfor (array frame_idx, MAX_NUMBER_OF_FRAMES) {

            // get the blob id it's the last coloumn of the matrix
            array blob_id = d_db_vec(number_of_uint32_for_frame, frame_idx);  // addressing with (pixel_idx, frame_idx)

            // define some hardcoded pixel to search for             
            uint8_t searched_r = 0x0;
            uint8_t searched_g = 0x3F;
            uint8_t searched_b = 0x0;

            uint8_t b1 = 0;
            uint8_t g1 = 0;
            uint8_t r1 = 0;

            uint8_t b2 = 0;
            uint8_t g2 = 0;
            uint8_t r2 = 0;

            uint32_t sum1 = 0;
            uint32_t sum2 = 0;

            uint32_t *device_frame_ptr   = NULL;
            uint32_t pixels_uint32       = 0;            

            uint pixel_match_counter = 0;

            //uint pixel_match_counter = 0;
            array frame = d_db_vec(span, frame_idx);
            device_frame_ptr = frame.device<uint32_t>();

            for (uint pixel_group_idx = 0; pixel_group_idx < number_of_uint32_for_frame; pixel_group_idx++) {
                // test to see if the whole matrix is traversed 
                // d_db_vec(pixel_group_idx, frame_idx) = 0;

                /////////////////////////////// PROBLEMATIC CODE ///////////////////////////////////
                pixels_uint32 = 0x7E007E0;
                //pixels_uint32 = device_frame_ptr[pixel_group_idx]; //why does this crash the program?
                // if I uncomment the above line the program tries to copy the u32 frame into the pixels_uint32 variable
                // something goes wrong, since the pointer device_frame_ptr is not NULL and the elements should be there judging by the lines above
                ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

                // splitting the first pixel into its components
                b1 = (pixels_uint32 & 0xF8000000) >> 27;   //(input & 11111000000000000000000000000000)
                g1 = (pixels_uint32 & 0x07E00000) >> 21;   //(input & 00000111111000000000000000000000)
                r1 = (pixels_uint32 & 0x001F0000) >> 16;   //(input & 00000000000111110000000000000000)

                // splitting the second pixel into its components
                b2 = (pixels_uint32 & 0xF800) >> 11;       //(input & 00000000000000001111100000000000)
                g2 = (pixels_uint32 & 0x07E0) >> 5;        //(input & 00000000000000000000011111100000)
                r2 = (pixels_uint32 & 0x001F);             //(input & 00000000000000000000000000011111)

                // checking if they are a match
                sum1 = abs(searched_r - r1) + abs(searched_g - g1) + abs(searched_b - b1);
                sum2 = abs(searched_r - r2) + abs(searched_g - g2) + abs(searched_b - b2);

                // if they match, increment the local counter
                pixel_match_counter = (sum1 <= 16) ? pixel_match_counter + 1 : pixel_match_counter;
                pixel_match_counter = (sum2 <= 16) ? pixel_match_counter + 1 : pixel_match_counter;             
            }

            bool is_found = pixel_match_counter > MACROBLOCK_COMPARISON_OVERALL_THRESHOLD;  
            // write down if the frame is a match or not        
            frame_found(0,frame_idx) = is_found ? frame_found(0,frame_idx) : blob_id;
        }

       // test to see if the whole matrix is traversed - this has to print zeroes
    if (TEST_DEBUG)
            print(d_db_vec);

        // return the matches array
    return frame_found;

    } catch (af::exception& e) {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", e.what());
        throw;
    }
}

// make 2 green pixels
uint32_t make_test_pixel_group() {
    uint32_t b1 = 0x0;        //11111000000000000000000000000000
    uint32_t g1 = 0x7E00000;  //00000111111000000000000000000000
    uint32_t r1 = 0x0;        //00000000000111110000000000000000

    uint32_t b2 = 0x0;        //00000000000000001111100000000000
    uint32_t g2 = 0x7E0;      //00000000000000000000011111100000
    uint32_t r2 = 0x0;        //00000000000000000000000000011111

    uint32_t green_pix = b1 | g1 | r1 | b2 | g2 | r2;

    return green_pix;
}

int main(int argc, char ** argv) 
{
    info();

    /////////////////////////////////////// CREATE THE DATABASE ///////////////////////////////////////
    uint number_of_uint32_for_frame = BLOB_FINGERPRINT_SIZE / 2;

    array d_db_vec(number_of_uint32_for_frame + 1,   // fingerprint size + 1 extra u32 for blob id
                   MAX_NUMBER_OF_FRAMES,             // number of frames
                   u32);                             // type of elements is 32-bit unsigned integer (unsigned) with the configuration RGBRGB (565565)

    if (TEST_DEBUG == true) {
        for (uint frame_idx = 0; frame_idx < MAX_NUMBER_OF_FRAMES; frame_idx++) {       
            for (uint pix_idx = 0; pix_idx < number_of_uint32_for_frame; pix_idx++) {
                d_db_vec(pix_idx, frame_idx) = make_test_pixel_group();  // fill everything with green :D
            }
        }
    } else {
        d_db_vec = rand(number_of_uint32_for_frame + 1, MAX_NUMBER_OF_FRAMES);
    }

    cout << "Setting blob ids. \n\n";
    for (uint frame_idx = 0; frame_idx < MAX_NUMBER_OF_FRAMES; frame_idx++) {
        // set the blob id to 123456
        d_db_vec(number_of_uint32_for_frame, frame_idx) = 123456;  // blob_id = 123456
    }

    if (TEST_DEBUG)
        print(d_db_vec);

    cout << "Done setting blob ids. \n\n";

    //////////////////////////////////// CREATE THE SEARCHED FRAME ///////////////////////////////////

    // to be done, for now we use the hardcoded values at line 37-39 to simulate the searched pixel:
    //37        uint8_t searched_r = 0x0;
    //38        uint8_t searched_g = 0x3F;
    //39        uint8_t searched_b = 0x0;

    ///////////////////////////////////////////// SEARCH /////////////////////////////////////////////    
    clock_t timer = startTimer();    
    for (int i = 0; i< 1000; i++) {
        array frame_found = search_frame(d_db_vec);

        if (TEST_DEBUG)
            print(frame_found);
    }
    stopTimer(timer);

    return 0;
}

这是带有注释行的控制台输出:

arrayfire/examples/helloworld$ ./helloworld

ArrayFire v1.9.1(64 位 Linux,构建 9af23ea)

许可证:服务器 (27000@server.accelereyes.com)

CUDA 工具包 5.0,驱动程序 304.54

GPU0 Tesla C2075,5376 MB,计算 2.0

内存使用:5312 MB 可用空间(总共 5376 MB)

设置 blob id。

完成设置 blob id。

时间:0.03 秒。


这是未注释行的控制台输出:

arrayfire/examples/helloworld$ ./helloworld

ArrayFire v1.9.1(64 位 Linux,构建 9af23ea)

许可证:服务器 (27000@server.accelereyes.com)

CUDA 工具包 5.0,驱动程序 304.54

GPU0 Tesla C2075,5376 MB,计算 2.0

内存使用:5312 MB 可用空间(总共 5376 MB)

设置 blob id。

完成设置 blob id。

分段故障


在此先感谢您对此问题的任何帮助。我真的尝试了一切,但没有成功。

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1 回答 1

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免责声明:我是 arrayfire 的主要开发人员。我看到您也在AccelerEyes 论坛上发帖,但我在这里发帖是为了解决您的代码的一些常见问题。

  1. 不要在 gfor 循环中使用 .device()、.host()、.scalar()。这将导致 GFOR 循环内部出现分歧,而 GFOR 并非为此而设计的。

  2. 您不能索引到设备指针。指针指向GPU 上的一个位置。当您这样做 device_frame_ptr[pixel_group_idx];时,系统正在寻找CPU 上的等效位置。这是您的分段错误的原因。

  3. 使用矢量化代码。例如,您不需要 gfor 的内部 for 循环。而不是b1 = (pixels_uint32 & 0xF8000000) >> 27;在 for 循环中执行,您可以执行array B1 = (frame & 0xF800000000) >> 27;. 即,您不是将数据返回到 CPU 并使用 for 循环,而是在 GPU 内执行整个操作。

  4. 不要在 GFOR 中使用 if-else 或三元运算符。这些又引起分歧。例如,pixel_match_counter = sum(sum1 <= 16) + sum(sum2 < 16);found(0, found_idx) = is_found * found(0, found_idx) + (1 - is_found) * blob_id

我已经回答了您面临的特定问题。如果您有任何后续问题,请关注我们的论坛和/或我们的支持电子邮件。Stackoverflow 适用于提出特定问题,但不适用于调试整个程序。

于 2013-06-20T19:17:36.507 回答