您可以使用 GHC 7.4 的通用编程支持相对干净有效地完成此操作。GHC.Generics的文档可能会有所帮助。这是一个例子。
考虑以下示例类和一些示例实例:
class C a where
-- | Double all numbers
double :: a -> a
instance C Int where
double i = 2 * i
instance (C a, C b) => C (a, b) where
double (a, b) = (double a, double b)
我们需要一些语言编译指示和导入:
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators, DefaultSignatures, DeriveGeneric, FlexibleContexts, FlexibleInstances #-}
module Example where
import GHC.Generics hiding(C, D)
我们现在给出一些“通用实例”。泛型类型都有一个幻像参数x
,这使得实例头稍微复杂一些:
-- "Insert" a normal value into a generic value
instance C c => C (K1 i c x) where
double (K1 c) = K1 (double c)
-- Ignore meta-information (constructor names, type names, field names)
instance C (f x) => C (M1 i c f x) where
double (M1 f) = M1 (double f)
-- Tuple-like instance
instance (C (f x), C (g x)) => C ((f :*: g) x) where
double (f :*: g) = double f :*: double g
我们现在重新定义我们的类C
以利用GC
class C a where
-- | Double all numbers
double :: a -> a
-- specify the default implementation for double
default double :: (Generic a, C (Rep a ())) => a -> a
double = to0 . double . from0
-- from, with a more specialised type, to avoid ambiguity
from0 :: Generic a => a -> Rep a ()
from0 = from
-- to, with a more specialised type, to avoid ambiguity
to0 :: Generic a => Rep a () -> a
to0 = to
现在我们可以很容易地定义一些实例:
data D a = D a a a deriving Generic
instance C a => C (D a)
data D2 m = D2 (m Int) (m Int) deriving Generic
instance C (D2 D)