最近有人问另一个问题:给定一个未知长度的列表,通过仅扫描一次来返回其中的随机项目
我知道你不应该,我只是无法对为什么不做出规范的解释。
看示例代码:
import random, sys
def rnd(): # a function that returns a random number each call
return int(random.getrandbits(32))
class fixed: # a functor that returns the same random number each call
def __init__(self):
self._ret = rnd()
def __call__(self):
return self._ret
def sample(rnd,seq_size):
choice = 0
for item in xrange(1,seq_size):
if (rnd() % (item+1)) == 0:
choice = item
return choice
dist = [0 for i in xrange(500)]
for i in xrange(1000):
dist[sample(rnd,len(dist))] += 1
print "real",dist
print
dist = [0 for i in xrange(500)]
for i in xrange(1000):
dist[sample(fixed(),len(dist))] += 1
print "reuse",dist
为每个项目生成一个新的随机数的适当水库采样的选择非常均匀地分布,因为它应该是:
real [1, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1, 3, 3, 4, 0, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 0, 3, 1, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 4, 1, 1, 2, 2, 5, 1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 0, 2, 6, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 0, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 0, 2, 4, 6, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 2, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 4, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 4, 2, 2, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 2, 1, 0, 2, 2, 1, 5, 1, 5, 3, 3, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 3, 2, 3, 0, 1, 1, 3, 0, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 6, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 4, 2, 1, 2, 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3, 2, 5, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 0, 4, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 0, 0, 4, 3, 2, 2, 5, 5, 3, 3, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3, 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 1, 4, 4, 2, 5, 0, 5, 4, 2, 1, 0, 4, 1, 3, 3, 2, 4, 2, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 3, 2, 4, 0, 1, 3, 2, 2, 4, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 1, 2, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 2, 1, 1, 4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 2, 2, 1, 4, 3, 1, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 9, 1, 3, 4, 2, 4, 4, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 6, 2, 2, 1, 2, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 8, 2, 3, 1, 5, 3, 0, 2, 1, 1, 4, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 0, 4, 3, 4, 3, 1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 5, 3, 0, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 0, 1, 4]
而当您对所有项目重复使用相同的随机数时,您会得到一个偏向于非常低数字的分布:
reuse [92, 50, 34, 19, 23, 16, 13, 9, 9, 9, 11, 10, 6, 7, 8, 5, 5, 6, 4, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 1, 4, 3, 5, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 1, 3, 1, 0, 0, 1, 5, 3, 1, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 6, 2, 0, 2, 2, 4, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 1, 2, 1, 4, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 4, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 4, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 3, 3, 2, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 4, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 3, 1, 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 3, 0, 3, 1, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 1, 0, 2, 3, 1, 1, 0, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 2, 0, 3, 1, 1, 0, 4, 1, 1, 0, 1, 3, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0, 2, 4, 0, 1, 2, 1, 6, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 4, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 4, 1, 2, 0, 5, 2, 2, 0, 6, 2, 2, 1, 3, 0, 3, 1, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 4, 3, 3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 4, 5, 1, 1, 3, 0, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 0, 3, 3, 1, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 5, 1, 3, 0, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 1, 0, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 2, 1, 5, 2, 2, 0]
这里的数学是什么?为什么不能重复使用相同的随机数?