我有一个模板，我在其中放置了 5 个表格，但除了第一个表格外，所有表格都无法发布。只有当我首先单击启用它的按钮时才能填写下一个表单。
我正在寻找一种在验收测试中的 for 循环中实现类似 Django 的 forloop.last 模板标签变量的方法，以决定是否执行启用下一个表单的方法。
基本上我需要做的是：
for form_data in step.hashes:
# get and fill the current form with data in form_data
if not forloop.last:
# click the button that enables the next form
# submit all filled forms
我不知道任何内置的东西，但是您可以轻松地编写一个生成器来为您提供所需的信息：
def firstlast(seq):
seq = iter(seq)
el = prev = next(seq)
is_first = True
for el in seq:
yield prev, is_first, False
is_first = False
prev = el
yield el, is_first, True
>>> list(firstlast(range(4)))
[(0, True, False), (1, False, False), (2, False, False), (3, False, True)]
>>> list(firstlast(range(0)))
[]
>>> list(firstlast(range(1)))
[(0, True, True)]
>>> list(firstlast(range(2)))
[(0, True, False), (1, False, True)]
>>> for count, is_first, is_last in firstlast(range(3)):
print(count, "first!" if is_first else "", "last!" if is_last else "")
0 first!
1
2 last!
带缓冲器的发电机。
def first_last( iterable ):
i= iter(iterable)
f= next(i)
yield f, "first"
n= next(i)
for another in i:
yield n, None
n= another
yield n, "last"
for item, state in first_list( iterable ):
# state is "first", None or "last".
压缩两个序列
flags = ["first"] + (len(iterable)-2)*[None] + ["last"]
for item, state in zip( iterable, flags ):
# state is "first", None or "last".
您可以使用enumerate计数器并将其与列表的长度进行比较：
for i, form_data in enumerate(step.hashes):
if i < len(step.hashes):
whatever()
for form_data in step.hashes[:-1]:
# get and fill the current form with data in form_data
for form_data in step.hashes[-1:]:
# get and fill the current form with data in form_data
# click the button that enables the next form
# submit all filled forms
不喜欢重复get and fill the current form with data in form_data？定义一个函数。
我认为他希望在提供第一个/最后一个查询的迭代器周围有一个包装器，参数也可以是一个迭代器，因此所有类型的 len() 都会失败
到目前为止，这就是我想出的，诀窍是使用双迭代器，一个向前看第一步的迭代器：
class FirstLastIter(object):
def __init__(self, seq):
self._seq_iter = iter(seq)
self._seq_iter_next = iter(seq)
self._idx = -1
self._last = None
self.next_next()
@property
def first(self):
return self._idx == 0
@property
def last(self):
return self._last == True
def __iter__(self):
return self
def next_next(self):
try:
self._seq_iter_next.next()
except StopIteration:
self._last = True
def next(self):
val = self._seq_iter.next()
self._idx += 1
self.next_next()
return val
for x in FirstLastIter([]):
print x
iterator = FirstLastIter([1])
for x in iterator:
print x,iterator.first,iterator.last
iterator = FirstLastIter([1,2,3])
for x in iterator:
print x,iterator.first,iterator.last
返回：
1 True True
1 True False
2 False False
3 False True
如果我正确理解了您的问题，您想要一个简单的测试来确定您是在列表的开头还是结尾？
如果是这种情况，可以这样做：
for item in list:
if item != list[-1]:
#Do stuff
对于列表中的第一项，您可以将“-1”替换为 0。
在任何人去磨砺他们的火炬或点燃干草叉之前，我不是什么是Pythonic的专家，也就是说，在我看来，如果first和/或last从列表中被想要，在循环中if first或if last循环内，似乎对课程的期望super，并添加所需的功能......也许，所以接下来是完全预 alpha 版本的 e-1^11% 排序代码，如果在星期二以正确的方式查看可能会造成严重破坏...
import sys
## Prevent `.pyc` (Python byte code) files from being generated
sys.dont_write_bytecode = True
from collections import OrderedDict
class MetaList(list):
"""
Generates list of metadata dictionaries for list types
## Useful resources
- [C Source for list](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Objects/listobject.c)
- [Supering `list` and `collections.MutableSequence`](https://stackoverflow.com/a/38446773/2632107)
"""
# List supering methods; maybe buggy but seem to work so far...
def __init__(self, iterable = [], **kwargs):
"""
> Could not find what built in `list()` calls the initialized lists during init... might just be `self`...
> If feeling cleverer check the C source. For now this class will keep a copy
## License [GNU_GPL-2](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html)
Generates list of metadata dictionaries for lists types
Copyright (C) 2019 S0AndS0
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2
of the License.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
"""
self.metadata = []
for index, value in enumerate(iterable):
if isinstance(value, list):
sub_kwargs = {}
sub_kwargs.update(kwargs)
sub_kwargs['address'] = kwargs.get('address', [index])
sub_list = MetaList(iterable = value, **sub_kwargs)
self.append(sub_list, **kwargs)
else:
self.append(value, **kwargs)
# Note; supering order matters when using built in methods during init
super(MetaList, self).__init__(iterable)
def __add__(self, other):
"""
Called when adding one list to another, eg `MetaList([1,2,3]) + [9,8,7]`
- Returns copy of list plus `other`, sorta like `self.extend` but without mutation
## Example input
test_list = MetaList([1 ,2, 3])
longer_list = test_list + [4, 5, 6]
## Example output
print("#\ttest_list -> {0}".format(test_list))
# test_list -> [1, 2, 3]
print("#\tlonger_list -> {0}".format(longer_list))
# longer_list -> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
"""
super(MetaList, self).__add__(other)
output = MetaList(self)
output.extend(other)
return output
def __setitem__(self, index, item, **kwargs):
"""
Called when setting values by index, eg `listing[0] = 'value'`, this updates `self` and `self.metadata`
"""
super(MetaList, self).__setitem__(index, item)
address = kwargs.get('address', []) + [index]
value = item
dictionary = self.__return_dictionary(
address = address,
index = index,
value = value)
self.metadata[index] = dictionary
self.__refresh_first()
self.__refresh_last()
self.__refresh_indexes(start = index)
def append(self, item, **kwargs):
"""
Appends to `self.metadata` an `OrderedDict` with the following keys
- `address`: `[0]` or `[0, 1, 5]` list of indexes mapping to `value`
- `index`: `0` or `42` integer of index within current listing
- `value`: `string`, `['list']`, `{'dict': 'val'}`, etc; not enabled by default
- `first`: `True`/`False` boolean; item is first in current listing
- `last`: `True`/`False` boolean; item is last in current listing
"""
super(MetaList, self).append(item)
# Update last status of previously last item within `self.metadata`
if self.metadata:
self.metadata[-1]['last'] = False
index = len(self.metadata)
address = kwargs.get('address', []) + [index]
value = item
dictionary = self.__return_dictionary(
address = address,
index = index,
value = value)
dictionary['first'] = False
dictionary['last'] = True
if len(self.metadata) == 0:
dictionary['first'] = True
self.metadata += [dictionary]
def extend(self, listing, **kwargs):
"""
Extends `self.metadata` with data built from passed `listing`
- Returns: `None`
> `kwargs` is passed to `MetaList` when transmuting list types
"""
super(MetaList, self).extend(listing)
for index, value in enumerate(listing):
if isinstance(value, list):
last_address = []
if self.metadata:
# Grab `address` list minus last item
last_address = self.metadata[-1]['address'][0:-1]
# Add this `index` to `address` list for recursing
sub_list = MetaList(value, address = last_address + [index], **kwargs)
self.append(sub_list, **kwargs)
else:
self.append(value, **kwargs)
def insert(self, index, item, **kwargs):
"""
Inserts `item` at `index` for `self` and dictionary into `self.metadata`
- Returns: `None`
Note: `self.metadata[index + 1]` have the following data mutated
- `data['index']`
- `data['address']`
Additionally: `self.metadata[0]` and `self.metadata[-1]` data mutations will occur
- `data['first']`
- `data['last']`
"""
super(MetaList, self).insert(index, item)
address = kwargs.get('address', []) + [index]
dictionary = self.__return_dictionary(
address = address,
index = index,
value = item,
**kwargs)
self.metadata.insert(index, dictionary)
self.__refresh_first()
self.__refresh_last()
self.__refresh_indexes(start = index)
# Off-set to avoid n +- 1 errors ;-)
self.__refresh_addresses(
start = index + 1,
index = len(address) - 1,
modifier = 1)
def pop(self, index = -1, target = None):
"""
Pop value from `self` and `self.metadata`, at `index`
- Returns: `self.pop(i)` or `self.metadata.pop(i)` depending on `target`
"""
popped_self = super(MetaList, self).pop(index)
popped_meta = self.__pop_metadata(index)
if 'metadata' in target.lower():
return popped_meta
return popped_self
def remove(self, value):
"""
Removes `value` from `self` and `self.metadata` lists
- Returns: `None`
- Raises: `ValueError` if value does not exsist within `self` or `self.metadata` lists
"""
super(MetaList, self).remove(value)
productive = False
for data in self.metadata:
if data['value'] == value:
productive = True
self.__pop_metadata(data['index'])
break
if not productive:
raise ValueError("value not found in MetaList.metadata values")
# Special herbs and spices for keeping the metadata fresh
def __pop_metadata(self, index = -1):
"""
Pops `index` from `self.metadata` listing, last item if no `index` was passed
- Returns: `<dictionary>`
- Raises: `IndexError` if `index` is outside of listed range
"""
popped_metadata = self.metadata.pop(index)
addr_index = len(popped_metadata['address']) - 1
## Update values within `self.metadata` dictionaries
self.__refresh_first()
self.__refresh_last()
self.__refresh_indexes(start = index)
self.__refresh_addresses(start = index, index = addr_index, modifier = -1)
return popped_metadata
def __return_dictionary(self, address, index, value, **kwargs):
"""
Returns dictionaries for use in `self.metadata` that contains;
- `address`: list of indexes leading to nested value, eg `[0, 4, 2]`
- `index`: integer of where value is stored in current listing
- `value`: Duck!... Note list types will be converted to `MetaList`
- `first`: boolean `False` by default
- `last`: boolean `False` by default
> `kwargs`: passes through to `MetaList` if transmuting a list `value`
"""
if isinstance(value, list):
kwargs['address'] = address
value = MetaList(value, **kwargs)
dictionary = OrderedDict()
dictionary['address'] = address
dictionary['index'] = index
dictionary['value'] = value
dictionary['first'] = False
dictionary['last'] = False
return dictionary
def __refresh_indexes(self, start = 0):
"""
Update indexes from `start` till the last
- Returns: `None`
"""
for i in range(start, len(self.metadata)):
self.metadata[i]['index'] = i
def __refresh_addresses(self, start = 0, end = None, index = 0, modifier = -1):
"""
Updates `address`es within `self.metadata` recursively
- Returns: `None`
- Raises: `TODO`
> `index` is the *depth* within `address` that `modifier` will be applied to
"""
if not start or start < 0:
start = 0
if not end or end > len(self.metadata):
end = len(self.metadata)
for i in range(start, end):
metadata = self.metadata[i]
if isinstance(metadata['value'], list):
metadata['value'].__refresh_addresses(index = index, modifier = modifier)
else:
if len(metadata['address']) - 1 >= index:
metadata['address'][index] += modifier
else:
raise Exception("# TODO: __refresh_addresses append or extend address list")
def __refresh_last(self, quick = True):
"""
Sets/re-sets `self.metadata` `last` value
- Returns `True`/`False` based on if `self.metadata` was touched
If `quick` is `False` all items in current listing will be touched
If `quick` is `True` only the last item and second to last items are touched
"""
if not self.metadata:
return False
if len(self.metadata) > 1:
self.metadata[-2]['last'] = False
if not quick and len(self.metadata) > 1:
for i in range(0, len(self.metadata) - 1):
self.metadata[i]['last'] = False
self.metadata[-1]['last'] = True
return True
def __refresh_first(self, quick = True):
"""
Sets first dictionary within `self.metadata` `first` key to `True`
- Returns `True`/`False` based on if `self.metadata` was touched
If `quick` is `False` all items will be touched in current listing
If `quick` is `True` the first and second items are updated
"""
if not self.metadata:
return False
if len(self.metadata) > 1:
self.metadata[1]['first'] = False
if not quick and len(self.metadata) > 1:
for i in range(1, len(self.metadata)):
self.metadata[i]['first'] = False
self.metadata[0]['first'] = True
return True
# Stuff to play with
def deep_get(self, indexes, iterable = None):
"""
Loops over `indexes` returning inner list or value from `self.metadata`
- `indexes` list of indexes, eg `[1, 3, 2]`
- `iterable` maybe list, if not provided `self.metadata` is searched
"""
referance = self.metadata
if iterable:
reference = iterable
for index in indexes:
reference = reference[index]
return reference
def copy_metadata(self):
"""
Returns copy of `self.metadata`
"""
return list(self.metadata)
def yield_metadata(self, iterable = None, skip = {'first': False, 'last': False, 'between': False}, **kwargs):
"""
Yields a *flat* representation of `self.metadata`,
Prefilter via `skip = {}` dictionary with the following data
- `first`: boolean, if `True` skips items that are first
- `last`: boolean, if `True` skips items that are last
- `between`: boolean, if `True` skips items that are not last or first
"""
metadata = self.metadata
if iterable:
metadata = MetaList(iterable).metadata
for item in metadata:
if isinstance(item.get('value'), list):
# Recurse thy self
for data in item['value'].yield_metadata(skip = skip, **kwargs):
yield data
else:
if skip:
if skip.get('first', False) and item['first']:
continue
if skip.get('last', False) and item['last']:
continue
if skip.get('between', False) and not item['first'] and not item['last']:
continue
# If not skipped get to yielding
yield item
......它可能比那个公开谈论亲密接触的朋友的灯具更糟糕，他们知道自己是谁......但这确实做了一些漂亮的把戏
meta_list = MetaList([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
for data in meta_list.metadata:
if data['first']:
continue
if data['last']:
continue
print("self[{0}] -> {1}".format(data['index'], data['value']))
self[1] -> 2
self[2] -> 3
self[3] -> 4
meta_list = MetaList(['item one', ['sub item one', ('sub', 'tuple'), [1, 2, 3], {'key': 'val'}], 'item two'])
for data in meta_list.yield_metadata():
address = "".join(["[{0}]".format(x) for x in data.get('address')])
value = data.get('value')
print("meta_list{0} -> {1} <- first: {2} | last: {3}".format(address, value, data['first'], data['last']))
meta_list[0] -> item one <- first: True | last: False
meta_list[1][0] -> sub item one <- first: True | last: False
meta_list[1][1] -> ('sub', 'tuple') <- first: False | last: False
meta_list[1][2][0] -> 1 <- first: True | last: False
meta_list[1][2][1] -> 2 <- first: False | last: False
meta_list[1][2][2] -> 3 <- first: False | last: True
meta_list[1][3] -> {'key': 'val'} <- first: False | last: True
meta_list[2] -> item two <- first: False | last: True
如果你觉得你的大脑变得很新鲜，但这有点不完全好，那就是它自己的方式更好......对我来说，这是最Pythonic
享受吧，如果有兴趣的话，我会把它推送到 GitHub 上供所有人使用 Pull and Fork。
旁注@fabrizioM +1 出色地使用
@property魔法