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我通过 Homebrew 安装了 python 3.9。我使用该版本的 Python 创建了一个虚拟环境。现在我收到 SSL 错误：

urllib.error.URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1129)>

我知道 Homebrew 自 python 3.6 以来没有安装证书。似乎被普遍接受的解决方法/解决方案是在我的虚拟环境中安装 Homebrew 之后运行以下命令：

#!/bin/sh

# /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/bin/python3.9 << "EOF"

# install_certifi.py
#
# sample script to install or update a set of default Root Certificates
# for the ssl module.  Uses the certificates provided by the certifi package:
#       https://pypi.org/project/certifi/

import os
import os.path
import ssl
import stat
import subprocess
import sys

STAT_0o775 = ( stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IXUSR
             | stat.S_IRGRP | stat.S_IWGRP | stat.S_IXGRP
             | stat.S_IROTH |                stat.S_IXOTH )

def main():
    openssl_dir, openssl_cafile = os.path.split(
        ssl.get_default_verify_paths().openssl_cafile)

    print(" -- pip install --upgrade certifi")
    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable,
        "-E", "-s", "-m", "pip", "install", "--upgrade", "certifi"])

    import certifi

    # change working directory to the default SSL directory
    os.chdir(openssl_dir)
    relpath_to_certifi_cafile = os.path.relpath(certifi.where())
    print(" -- removing any existing file or link")
    try:
        os.remove(openssl_cafile)
    except FileNotFoundError:
        pass
    print(" -- creating symlink to certifi certificate bundle")
    os.symlink(relpath_to_certifi_cafile, openssl_cafile)
    print(" -- setting permissions")
    os.chmod(openssl_cafile, STAT_0o775)
    print(" -- update complete")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

脚本运行良好：

% python install-certificates.py
 -- pip install --upgrade certifi
Requirement already satisfied: certifi in ./venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages (2021.10.8)
 -- removing any existing file or link
 -- creating symlink to certifi certificate bundle
 -- setting permissions
 -- update complete

但是，我仍然收到 SSL 错误。关于解决方案可能是什么的任何想法？

我曾尝试使用官方软件包安装 Python 并运行 Install certificates.command，但我收到一条错误消息，表明未安装 pip。

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