这是您可以执行的一项简单检查。它使用生成的随机数来估计 Pi。这不是随机性的证明,但糟糕的 RNG 通常在这方面表现不佳(它们会返回 2.5 或 3.8 而不是 ~3.14)。
理想情况下,这只是您将运行以检查随机性的众多测试之一。
您可以检查的其他内容是输出的标准偏差。在 0..n 范围内均匀分布的一组值的预期标准偏差接近 n/sqrt(12)。
/**
* This is a rudimentary check to ensure that the output of a given RNG
* is approximately uniformly distributed. If the RNG output is not
* uniformly distributed, this method will return a poor estimate for the
* value of pi.
* @param rng The RNG to test.
* @param iterations The number of random points to generate for use in the
* calculation. This value needs to be sufficiently large in order to
* produce a reasonably accurate result (assuming the RNG is uniform).
* Less than 10,000 is not particularly useful. 100,000 should be sufficient.
* @return An approximation of pi generated using the provided RNG.
*/
public static double calculateMonteCarloValueForPi(Random rng,
int iterations)
{
// Assumes a quadrant of a circle of radius 1, bounded by a box with
// sides of length 1. The area of the square is therefore 1 square unit
// and the area of the quadrant is (pi * r^2) / 4.
int totalInsideQuadrant = 0;
// Generate the specified number of random points and count how many fall
// within the quadrant and how many do not. We expect the number of points
// in the quadrant (expressed as a fraction of the total number of points)
// to be pi/4. Therefore pi = 4 * ratio.
for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++)
{
double x = rng.nextDouble();
double y = rng.nextDouble();
if (isInQuadrant(x, y))
{
++totalInsideQuadrant;
}
}
// From these figures we can deduce an approximate value for Pi.
return 4 * ((double) totalInsideQuadrant / iterations);
}
/**
* Uses Pythagoras' theorem to determine whether the specified coordinates
* fall within the area of the quadrant of a circle of radius 1 that is
* centered on the origin.
* @param x The x-coordinate of the point (must be between 0 and 1).
* @param y The y-coordinate of the point (must be between 0 and 1).
* @return True if the point is within the quadrant, false otherwise.
*/
private static boolean isInQuadrant(double x, double y)
{
double distance = Math.sqrt((x * x) + (y * y));
return distance <= 1;
}