对于那些通过搜索 Rust、Lazy 和 LazyList 找到这个问题的人，我在这里发布了 Lazy 和 LazyList 的最终通用工作代码，其中包括与当前稳定的 Rust 版本 1.56.1 一起使用的非线程安全版本和线程安全版本。
代码中包含了一些实际上并没有被包含的测试代码使用的方法，尤其是这些unwrap()方法在这里是无用的，因为我们不能使用嵌入在另一个类型中的类型（除非我们替换了一个内部可变值）；需要为singleton()方法、unwrap()方法和tail()方法设计更多的测试。
因为我们一般不能解包，所以嵌入的类型必须是Clone；这会在所涉及的复制操作中花费一些性能，因此当类型很大（按复制方式）时，可能希望将它们包装在 Rc 中以更快地进行引用计数克隆。
代码如下：
pub struct Thunk<'a, R>(Box<dyn FnOnce() -> R + 'a>);
impl<'a, R: 'a> Thunk<'a, R> {
#[inline(always)]
fn new<F: 'a + FnOnce() -> R>(func: F) -> Thunk<'a, R> {
Thunk(Box::new(func))
}
#[inline(always)]
fn invoke(self) -> R { self.0() }
}
// Lazy is lazily evaluated contained value using the above Thunk implementation...
mod lazy {
use crate::Thunk;
use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
use std::mem::replace;
use std::ops::Deref;
// Lazy is lazily evaluated contained value using the above Thunk implementation...
pub struct Lazy<'a, T: 'a>(UnsafeCell<LazyState<'a, T>>);
enum LazyState<'a, T: 'a> {
Unevaluated(Thunk<'a, T>),
EvaluationInProgress,
Evaluated(T),
}
use self::LazyState::*;
impl<'a, T: 'a> Lazy<'a, T> {
#[inline]
pub fn new<F: 'a + FnOnce() -> T>(func: F) -> Lazy<'a, T> {
Lazy(UnsafeCell::new(Unevaluated(Thunk::new(func))))
}
#[inline]
pub fn evaluated(val: T) -> Lazy<'a, T> {
Lazy(UnsafeCell::new(Evaluated(val)))
}
#[inline(always)]
fn force<'b>(&'b self) {
unsafe {
match *self.0.get() {
Evaluated(_) => return, // nothing required; already Evaluated
EvaluationInProgress => panic!("Lazy::force called recursively!!!"),
_ => {
let ue = replace(&mut *self.0.get(), EvaluationInProgress);
if let Unevaluated(thnk) = ue {
*self.0.get() = Evaluated(thnk.invoke());
} // no other possiblity!
}
}
}
}
#[inline]
pub fn unwrap<'b>(self) -> T where T: 'b { // consumes the object to produce the value
self.force(); // evaluatate if not evealutated
match self.0.into_inner() {
Evaluated(v) => v,
_ => unreachable!() // previous code guarantees never not Evaluated
}
}
}
impl<'a, T: 'a> Deref for Lazy<'a, T> {
type Target = T;
#[inline]
fn deref<'b>(&'b self) -> &'b T {
self.force(); // evaluatate if not evalutated
match unsafe { &*self.0.get() } {
&Evaluated(ref v) => return v,
_ => unreachable!(),
}
}
}
}
mod lazy_sync {
use crate::Thunk;
use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
use std::mem::replace;
use std::sync::Mutex;
use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed;
use std::ops::Deref;
pub struct Lazy<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync>(
UnsafeCell<LazyState<'a, T>>, AtomicBool, Mutex<()>);
enum LazyState<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync> {
Unevaluated(Thunk<'a, T>),
EvaluationInProgress,
Evaluated(T),
}
use self::LazyState::*;
unsafe impl<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync> Send for Lazy<'a, T> {}
unsafe impl<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync> Sync for Lazy<'a, T> {}
impl<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync> Lazy<'a, T> {
#[inline]
pub fn new<F: 'a + FnOnce() -> T>(func: F) -> Lazy<'a, T> {
Lazy(UnsafeCell::new(Unevaluated(Thunk::new(func))),
AtomicBool::new(false), Mutex::new(()))
}
#[inline]
pub fn evaluated(val: T) -> Lazy<'a, T> {
Lazy(UnsafeCell::new(Evaluated(val)),
AtomicBool::new(true), Mutex::new(()))
}
#[inline(always)]
fn force<'b>(&'b self) {
unsafe {
if !self.1.load(Relaxed) {
let _ = self.2.lock();
// if we don't get the false below, means
// another thread already handled the thunk,
// including setting to true, still processing when checked
if !self.1.load(Relaxed) {
match *self.0.get() {
Evaluated(_) => return, // nothing required; already Evaluated
EvaluationInProgress => unreachable!(), // because lock race recursive evals...
_ => {
if let Unevaluated(thnk) = replace(&mut *self.0.get(), EvaluationInProgress) {
*self.0.get() = Evaluated(thnk.invoke());
} // no other possiblity!
}
}
self.1.store(true, Relaxed);
}
}
}
}
#[inline]
pub fn unwrap<'b>(self) -> T where T: 'b { // consumes the object to produce the value
self.force(); // evaluatate if not evealutated
match self.0.into_inner() {
Evaluated(v) => v,
_ => unreachable!() // previous code guarantees never not Evaluated
}
}
}
impl<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync> Deref for Lazy<'a, T> {
type Target = T;
#[inline]
fn deref<'b>(&'b self) -> &'b T {
self.force(); // evaluatate if not evalutated
match unsafe { &*self.0.get() } {
&Evaluated(ref v) => return v,
_ => unreachable!(),
}
}
}
}
// LazyList is an immutable lazily-evaluated persistent (memoized) singly-linked list
// similar to lists in Haskell, although here only tails are lazy...
// depends on the contained type being Clone so that the LazyList can be
// extracted from the reference-counted Rc heap objects in which embedded.
mod lazylist {
use crate::lazy::Lazy;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::mem::{replace, swap};
#[derive(Clone)]
pub enum LazyList<'a, T: 'a + Clone> {
Empty,
Cons(T, RcLazyListNode<'a, T>),
}
pub use self::LazyList::Empty;
use self::LazyList::Cons;
type RcLazyListNode<'a, T> = Rc<Lazy<'a, LazyList<'a, T>>>;
// impl<'a, T:'a> !Sync for LazyList<'a, T> {}
impl<'a, T: 'a + Clone> LazyList<'a, T> {
#[inline]
pub fn singleton(v: T) -> LazyList<'a, T> {
Cons(v, Rc::new(Lazy::evaluated(Empty)))
}
#[inline]
pub fn cons<F>(v: T, cntf: F) -> LazyList<'a, T>
where F: 'a + FnOnce() -> LazyList<'a, T>
{
Cons(v, Rc::new(Lazy::new(cntf)))
}
#[inline]
pub fn head<'b>(&'b self) -> &'b T {
if let Cons(ref hd, _) = *self {
return hd;
}
panic!("LazyList::head called on an Empty LazyList!!!")
}
#[inline]
pub fn tail<'b>(&'b self) -> &'b Lazy<'a, LazyList<'a, T>> {
if let Cons(_, ref rlln) = *self {
return &*rlln;
}
panic!("LazyList::tail called on an Empty LazyList!!!")
}
#[inline]
pub fn unwrap(self) -> (T, RcLazyListNode<'a, T>) {
// consumes the object
if let Cons(hd, rlln) = self {
return (hd, rlln);
}
panic!("LazyList::unwrap called on an Empty LazyList!!!")
}
#[inline]
fn iter(&self) -> Iter<'a, T> {
Iter(self)
}
pub fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T> + 'a>(itrbl: I) -> LazyList<'a, T> {
let itr = itrbl.into_iter();
#[inline(always)]
fn next_iter<'b, R, Itr>(mut iter: Itr) -> LazyList<'b, R>
where R: 'b + Clone,
Itr: 'b + Iterator<Item = R>
{
match iter.next() {
Some(val) => LazyList::cons(val, move || next_iter(iter)),
None => Empty,
}
}
next_iter(itr)
}
}
impl<'a, T: 'a + Clone> Iterator for LazyList<'a, T> {
type Item = T;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
match replace(self, Empty) {
Cons(hd, rlln) => {
let mut newll = (*rlln).clone();
swap(self, &mut newll); // self now contains tail, newll contains the Empty
Some(hd)
}
_ => None,
}
}
}
pub struct Iter<'a, T: 'a + Clone>(*const LazyList<'a, T>);
impl<'a, T: 'a + Clone> Iterator for Iter<'a, T> {
type Item = &'a T;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
unsafe {
if let LazyList::Cons(ref v, ref r) = *self.0 {
self.0 = &***r;
Some(v)
} else {
None
}
}
}
}
impl<'i, 'l, T: 'i + Clone> IntoIterator for &'l LazyList<'i, T> {
type Item = &'i T;
type IntoIter = Iter<'i, T>;
fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
self.iter()
}
}
/*
impl<'a, T: 'a + Clone> FromIterator<T> for LazyList<'a, T> {
fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T> + 'a>(itrbl: I) -> LazyList<'a, T> {
let itr = itrbl.into_iter();
#[inline(always)]
fn next_iter<'b, R, Itr>(mut iter: Itr) -> LazyList<'b, R>
where R: 'b + Clone,
Itr: 'b + Iterator<Item = R>
{
match iter.next() {
Some(val) => LazyList::cons(val, move || next_iter(iter)),
None => Empty,
}
}
next_iter(itr)
}
}
*/
}
mod lazylist_sync {
use crate::lazy_sync::Lazy;
use std::sync::Arc as Rc;
use std::mem::{replace, swap};
#[derive(Clone)]
pub enum LazyList<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync + Clone> {
Empty,
Cons(T, RcLazyListNode<'a, T>),
}
pub use self::LazyList::Empty;
use self::LazyList::Cons;
type RcLazyListNode<'a, T> = Rc<Lazy<'a, LazyList<'a, T>>>;
unsafe impl<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync + Clone> Send for LazyList<'a, T> {}
unsafe impl<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync + Clone> Sync for LazyList<'a, T> {}
impl<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync + Clone> LazyList<'a, T> {
#[inline]
pub fn singleton(v: T) -> LazyList<'a, T> {
Cons(v, Rc::new(Lazy::evaluated(Empty)))
}
#[inline]
pub fn cons<F>(v: T, cntf: F) -> LazyList<'a, T>
where F: 'a + FnOnce() -> LazyList<'a, T>
{
Cons(v, Rc::new(Lazy::new(cntf)))
}
#[inline]
pub fn head<'b>(&'b self) -> &'b T {
if let Cons(ref hd, _) = *self {
return hd;
}
panic!("LazyList::head called on an Empty LazyList!!!")
}
#[inline]
pub fn tail<'b>(&'b self) -> &'b Lazy<'a, LazyList<'a, T>> {
if let Cons(_, ref rlln) = *self {
return &*rlln;
}
panic!("LazyList::tail called on an Empty LazyList!!!")
}
#[inline]
pub fn unwrap(self) -> (T, RcLazyListNode<'a, T>) {
// consumes the object
if let Cons(hd, rlln) = self {
return (hd, rlln);
}
panic!("LazyList::unwrap called on an Empty LazyList!!!")
}
#[inline]
fn iter(&self) -> Iter<'a, T> {
Iter(self)
}
pub fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T> + 'a>(itrbl: I) -> LazyList<'a, T> {
let itr = itrbl.into_iter();
#[inline(always)]
fn next_iter<'b, R: 'b + Send + Sync, Itr>(mut iter: Itr) -> LazyList<'b, R>
where R: 'b + Clone,
Itr: 'b + Iterator<Item = R>
{
match iter.next() {
Some(val) => LazyList::cons(val, move || next_iter(iter)),
None => Empty,
}
}
next_iter(itr)
}
}
impl<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync + Clone> Iterator for LazyList<'a, T> {
type Item = T;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
match replace(self, Empty) {
Cons(hd, rlln) => {
let mut newll = (*rlln).clone();
swap(self, &mut newll); // self now contains tail, newll contains the Empty
Some(hd)
}
_ => None,
}
}
}
pub struct Iter<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync + Clone>(*const LazyList<'a, T>);
impl<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync + Clone> Iterator for Iter<'a, T> {
type Item = &'a T;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
unsafe {
if let LazyList::Cons(ref v, ref r) = *self.0 {
self.0 = &***r;
Some(v)
} else {
None
}
}
}
}
impl<'i, 'l, T: 'i + Send + Sync + Clone> IntoIterator for &'l LazyList<'i, T> {
type Item = &'i T;
type IntoIter = Iter<'i, T>;
fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
self.iter()
}
}
/*
impl<'a, T: 'a + Send + Sync + Clone> FromIterator<T> for LazyList<'a, T> {
fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T> + 'a>(itrbl: I) -> LazyList<'a, T> {
let itr = itrbl.into_iter();
#[inline(always)]
fn next_iter<'b, R: 'b + Send + Sync, Itr>(mut iter: Itr) -> LazyList<'b, R>
where R: 'b + Clone,
Itr: 'b + Iterator<Item = R>
{
match iter.next() {
Some(val) => LazyList::cons(val, move || next_iter(iter)),
None => Empty,
}
}
next_iter(itr)
}
}
*/
}
use self::lazylist::LazyList;
//use self::lazylist_sync::LazyList; // for slower thread-safe version
fn main() {
fn fib<'a>() -> LazyList<'a, u64> {
fn fibi<'b>(f: u64, s: u64) -> LazyList<'b, u64> {
LazyList::cons(f, move || { let n = &f + &s; fibi(s, n) })
}
fibi(0, 1)
}
let test1 = fib();
for v in test1.take(20) {
print!("{} ", v);
}
println!("");
let test2 = LazyList::from_iter(0..);
for i in (&test2).into_iter().take(15) {
print!("{} ", i)
} // and from_iter() works
println!("");
}
输出如下：
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
请注意，尽管这表明在 Rust 中可以使用 LazyList 的函数式编程风格，但这并不意味着它应该是所有用例的首选风格，尤其是在需要高性能的情况下。例如，如果将上述fib()函数编写为直接输出迭代器而不是 a LazyList，那么每次迭代只需要很少的 CPU 时钟周期（除非使用无限精度BigUint，这会更慢）而不是数百个周期LazyList 每次迭代都需要（对于“同步”版本还有更多）。
通常，由于引用计数的高开销、许多小分配/解除分配以及函数式编程所需的克隆/复制，更命令式的实现（可能Vec<T>在需要记忆时使用）比这具有更高的性能。