8

我正在尝试在 Scala 中定义一个通用的残留类环。残基类环由某个基环（例如整数）和模数（例如二）定义，该模数是来自基环的值。环及其元素都是对象，因此模数的类型通常是依赖类型，具体取决于基环。我知道这在 Scala 中是不允许的（有充分的理由），所以我试图通过近似类型并在构造残基类环时进行运行时检查来模拟它。

的定义ResidueClassRing被接受而没有错误，但是，Scala 不允许我实例化它，因为two我收到错误消息的参数

type mismatch;
found   : dependenttypetest.DependentTypeTest.two.type 
(with underlying type dependenttypetest.Integers.Integer)  
required: dependenttypetest.EuclideanRing#E

难道我做错了什么？这可能是 Scala 类型检查器中的错误吗？有没有更好的定义方式ResidueClassRing？

这是用于 Helios 的 Eclipse IDE 中的 Scala 2.8.0。2.7.x 已经出现该问题。这是代码的简化版本：

package dependenttypetest


class EuclideanRing
{
  thisRing =>

  type E <: EuclideanRingElement;

  def one: E;

  trait EuclideanRingElement 
  {
    def ring = thisRing;

    def +(b: E): E;
    def %(b: E): E;
  }
}


object Integers extends EuclideanRing
{
  type E = Integer;

  val one: Integer = new Integer(1);

  class Integer(n: Int) extends EuclideanRingElement
  {
    val intValue: Int = n;
    def +(b: Integer): Integer = new Integer(intValue + b.intValue);
    def %(b: Integer): Integer = new Integer(intValue % b.intValue);
  }
}


class ResidueClassRing (val baseRing : EuclideanRing, m : EuclideanRing#E) 
{
  val modulus: baseRing.E = 
    m match {
    case e: baseRing.E if m.ring == baseRing => e;
    case _ => throw new IllegalArgumentException("modulus not from base ring");
    };

  type E = ResidueClassRingElement;

  def one: E = new ResidueClassRingElement(baseRing.one);

  class ResidueClassRingElement (e : baseRing.E)
  {
    def representative: baseRing.E = e % modulus;

    def +(b: E) = new ResidueClassRingElement(
      this.representative + b.representative); 
  }
}


object DependentTypeTest extends Application
{
  val two = new Integers.Integer(2);
  val mod2ring = new ResidueClassRing(Integers, two);

  println(mod2ring.one + mod2ring.one);
}
4

2 回答 2

3

更新：添加IntRing以阐明更改trait Ring

问题似乎是类型推断器不会自动选择您需要的最具体的类型。除此之外，您不能在与定义类型相同的参数列表中拥有依赖类型参数。

您可以做的是在外部范围内提取该类型所依赖的实例（在Rings类中完成）并强制编译器在实例化Rings类时选择最具体的类型：

trait Ring {

  type Element <: EuclideanRingElement

  def one: Element

  // for convenience could be defined anywhere of course
  lazy val rings: Rings[this.type] = new Rings[this.type](this)

  trait EuclideanRingElement {
    def +(e: Element): Element
    def %(e: Element): Element
  }
}

class Rings[R <: Ring](val base: R) {

  class ResidueClassRing(m: base.Element) {

    def one = new Element(base.one)

    class Element(e: base.Element) {
      def repr = e % m
      def +(that: Element) = new Element(this.repr + that.repr)
    }
  }
}

object IntRing extends Ring {

val one = new Element(1)

  class Element(val n: Int) extends EuclideanRingElement {
    def +(that: Element) = new Element(this.n + that.n)
    def %(that: Element) = new Element(this.n % that.n)
    override def toString = n formatted "Int(%d)"
  }
}

现在你可以像这样使用它：

scala> import IntRing._
import IntRing._

scala> val two = new Element(2)
two: IntRing.Element = Int(2)


scala> val r2 = new rings.ResidueClassRing(two)
r2: IntRing.rings.ResidueClassRing = Rings$ResidueClassRing@4b5075f9
于 2010-10-14T11:38:25.677 回答
3

这似乎可行，但在计算代表时我无法摆脱演员表：

package dependenttypetest

abstract class EuclideanRing{
  thisRing =>
  type E <: EuclideanRingElement;
  def one: E;
  trait EuclideanRingElement
  {
    def ring = thisRing;

    def +(b: E): E;
    def %(b: E): E;
  }
}

class Integers extends EuclideanRing {
  type E = Integer;
  val one: Integer = new Integer(1);
  class Integer(n: Int) extends EuclideanRingElement
  {
    val intValue: Int = n;
    def +(b: Integer): Integer = new Integer(intValue + b.intValue);
    def %(b: Integer): Integer = new Integer(intValue % b.intValue);
    override def toString = "Int" + intValue
  }
}

object Integers extends Integers 

class ResidueClassRing[ER <: EuclideanRing] (modulus : ER#E) {
  val baseRing = modulus.ring
  type E = ResidueClassRingElement;
  def one: E = new ResidueClassRingElement(baseRing.one);

  class ResidueClassRingElement (e : baseRing.E)
  {
    def representative = e % modulus.asInstanceOf[baseRing.E];
    def +(b: E) = new ResidueClassRingElement(
      this.representative + b.representative);
    override def toString = "RC(" + representative + ")"
  }
}

object DependentTypeTest extends Application {
  val two =  new Integers.Integer(2);
  val mod2ring = new ResidueClassRing[Integers](two)

  println(mod2ring.one + mod2ring.one)
}

顺便说一句：小心 Application trait，它被正确地弃用了。

于 2010-10-14T17:52:02.750 回答