更新 1.0 开始
打电话的时候好像
for i, Wi in enumerate(W.T):
idx.append(i)
result.append(pool.apply_async(ALS_Y, (X, Wi, Q, lambda_, n_factors, i,)))
传递给函数的参数ALS_Y/ALS_X不是引用，它复制了参数..所以，当XorY非常时large matrixes，例如，在我的情况下，它是6000*40左右（而且它是 a for-loop，让我们假设迭代次数是50 000，所以......） ，它超过了内存的限制。
然后我尝试使用全局参数，只是将索引作为参数传递给函数，
import multiprocessing
import time
import numpy as np
def func(idx):
global a
a[idx] += 1
if __name__ == "__main__":
a=range(10)
for j in xrange(2):
pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=8)
result = []
for i in xrange(10):
result.append(pool.apply_async(func, (i, )))
pool.close()
pool.join()
print a
print "Sub-process(es) done."
它输出：`
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Sub-process(es) done.
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Sub-process(es) done.
So, this means it still copied一个`！现在，我想知道有没有办法处理这个问题？欣赏！
更新1.0结束
下面是我在 python 中解决矩阵分解问题的代码。W = XY。不过下面的代码效率不高，希望能转成并行版本，用GPU最好，CPU也可以。我对并行编程没有经验，所以有人可以给我一些建议吗？
下面是使用 ALS 分解矩阵的代码（交替最小二乘，详情请点击此处）
for ii in range(n_iterations):
for u, Wu in enumerate(W):
X[u] = np.linalg.solve(np.dot(Y, np.dot(np.diag(Wu), Y.T)) + lambda_ * np.eye(n_factors),
np.dot(Y, np.dot(np.diag(Wu), Q[u].T))).T #X_inner loop
for i, Wi in enumerate(W.T):
Y[:,i] = np.linalg.solve(np.dot(X.T, np.dot(np.diag(Wi), X)) + lambda_ * np.eye(n_factors), #Y_inner loop
np.dot(X.T, np.dot(np.diag(Wi), Q[:, i])))#Y_inner loop
error = get_error(Q, X, Y, W)
weighted_errors.append(error)
print '{}th iteration is completed'.format(ii)
使用多处理库后，我的代码现在：
def ALS_X(Y, Wu, Q, lambda_, n_factors, u):
return np.linalg.solve(np.dot(Y, np.dot(np.diag(Wu), Y.T)) + lambda_ * np.eye(n_factors),
np.dot(Y, np.dot(np.diag(Wu), Q[u].T))).T
for ii in range(n_iterations):
pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=12)#create pool
result = []#store each row for X
idx = []#store the row number
for u, Wu in enumerate(W):
idx.append(u)
result.append(pool.apply_async(ALS_X, (Y, Wu, Q, lambda_, n_factors, u,)))
pool.close()
pool.join()
for u, vector in zip(idx, result):
X[u] = vector.get()#assign the result to X
######################################
pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=12)#for Y, much similar to X
result = []
idx = []
for i, Wi in enumerate(W.T):
idx.append(i)
result.append(pool.apply_async(ALS_Y, (X, Wi, Q, lambda_, n_factors, i,)))
pool.close()
pool.join()
for i, vector in zip(idx, result):
Y[:,i] = vector.get()
error = get_error(Q, X, Y, W)
weighted_errors.append(error)
print '{}th iteration is completed'.format(ii), 'error: ',error
但有些苦恼，程序总是无声无息地死机……
下面是我的全部代码.. 一切都乱七八糟。只需忽略load_data get_errorand vec2str，因为在这里我随机生成矩阵..
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import multiprocessing
def vec2str(vec):
res = ''
for dim in len(vec):
res += str(vec[dim]) + ','
return res
def load_data(heads, filename, sep,header=None):
data = pd.read_table(filename, sep=sep, header=header, names=heads)
rp = data.pivot_table(columns=['sid'],index=['uid'],values=['rating'])#not generally...
Q = rp.fillna(0)
Q = Q.values
W = Q >0.5
W[W == True] = 1
W[W == False] = 0
W = W.astype(np.float64, copy=False)
return Q, W, rp
def get_error(Q, X, Y, W):
return np.sum((W * (Q - np.dot(X, Y)))**2)
'''
X[u] = np.linalg.solve(np.dot(, np.dot(np.diag(), .T)) + * np.eye(),
np.dot(, np.dot(np.diag(), Q[u].T))).T
'''
def ALS_X(Y, Wu, Q, lambda_, n_factors, u):
return np.linalg.solve(np.dot(Y, np.dot(np.diag(Wu), Y.T)) + lambda_ * np.eye(n_factors),
np.dot(Y, np.dot(np.diag(Wu), Q[u].T))).T
'''
Y[:,i] = np.linalg.solve(np.dot(X.T, np.dot(np.diag(Wi), X)) + lambda_ * np.eye(n_factors),
np.dot(X.T, np.dot(np.diag(Wi), Q[:, i])))
'''
def ALS_Y(X, Wi, Q, lambda_, n_factors, i):
return np.linalg.solve(np.dot(X.T, np.dot(np.diag(Wi), X)) + lambda_ * np.eye(n_factors),
np.dot(X.T, np.dot(np.diag(Wi), Q[:, i])))
if __name__ == "__main__":
lambda_ = 0.1
n_factors = 40
filename = 'data_songID'
n_iterations = 20
#Q, W, rp = load_data(['uid', 'sid', 'rating'], filename, ',')
Q = np.random.rand(1000,1000)
m, n = Q.shape
W = np.eye(1000)
print 'Loading data finished, ', 'size: ', Q.shape
print 'Settings ', 'lambda = {}'.format(lambda_), 'n_factors = {}'.format(n_factors)
X = 5 * np.random.rand(m, n_factors)
Y = 5 * np.random.rand(n_factors, n)
errors = []
for ii in range(n_iterations):
X = np.linalg.solve(np.dot(Y, Y.T) + lambda_ * np.eye(n_factors),
np.dot(Y, Q.T)).T
Y = np.linalg.solve(np.dot(X.T, X) + lambda_ * np.eye(n_factors),
np.dot(X.T, Q))
if ii % 100 == 0:
print('{}th iteration is completed'.format(ii))
errors.append(get_error(Q, X, Y, W))
Q_hat = np.dot(X, Y)
print('Error of rated movies: {}'.format(get_error(Q, X, Y, W)))
print errors
#####ALS start....#####
print '*'*100
weighted_errors = []
for ii in range(n_iterations):
pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=12)
result = []
idx = []
for u, Wu in enumerate(W):
idx.append(u)
result.append(pool.apply_async(ALS_X, (Y, Wu, Q, lambda_, n_factors, u,)))
pool.close()
pool.join()
for u, vector in zip(idx, result):
X[u] = vector.get()
######################################
pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=12)
result = []
idx = []
for i, Wi in enumerate(W.T):
idx.append(i)
result.append(pool.apply_async(ALS_Y, (X, Wi, Q, lambda_, n_factors, i,)))
pool.close()
pool.join()
for i, vector in zip(idx, result):
Y[:,i] = vector.get()
error = get_error(Q, X, Y, W)
weighted_errors.append(error)
print '{}th iteration is completed'.format(ii), 'error: ',error
weighted_Q_hat = np.dot(X,Y)
print weighted_errors
X.tofile('X.bin')
Y.tofile('Y.bin')
latent_user_file = open('user_latent','w')
for idx in len(rp.axes[0]):
latent_user_file.write(str(rp.axes[0][idx]) + '\t' + vec2str(X[idx,:]) + '\n')
latent_mid_file = open('mid_latent', 'w')
for idx in len(rp.axes[1]):
latent_mid_file.write(str(rp.axes[1][idx]) + '\t' + vec2str(Y.T[idx,:]) + '\n')