5

我正在使用 .NET 4 的System.Numerics.BigInteger 结构

我需要计算非常大的数的平方 (x 2 ) -数百万个十进制数字

如果xBigInteger,时间复杂度是多少:

x*x;

或者

BigInteger.Pow(x,2);

?

如何使用 .NET 4 BigInteger 以最快的方式将如此大的数字相乘?是否有Schönhage–Strassen 算法的实现?

4

5 回答 5

7

这取决于你的数字有多大。正如维基百科页面告诉你的那样:

在实践中,对于超过 2 2 15到 2 2 17(10,000 到 40,000 个十进制数字)的数字,Schönhage-Strassen 算法开始优于旧方法,例如 Karatsuba 和 Toom-Cook 乘法。

System.Numerics.BigInteger根据数字的大小,使用Karatsuba 算法或标准教科书乘法。Karatsuba 的时间复杂度为 O( n  log 2  3 )。但是如果你的数字小于上面引用的数字,那么你可能不会看到实施 Schönhage-Strassen 的速度有很大提高。

至于Pow()这本身在计算过程中至少将数字平方一次(并且它通过简单地这样做来做到这num * num一点 - 所以我认为这也不会更有效。

于 2010-06-17T22:14:17.610 回答
3

这里有一个 Schönhage-Strassen 实现:

https://github.com/tbuktu/ntru/blob/master/src/main/java/net/sf/ntru/arith/Sch%C3%B6nhageStrassen.java

于 2011-12-13T04:18:19.433 回答
2
  • 首先,System.Numerics.BigInteger不使用 O(n 0.5 ) 的 [Karatsuba 算法],它使用标准教科书乘法 O(n 2 )。
  • 通过此代码,您可以在 1.4 毫秒内多个两个 30,000 位(大约 9000 个十进制数字)。

        public  void benchMark()
        {
            Xint U, V,Temp;
            int n = 30000;
            while (n > 29000)
            {
                U = RND(n << 1);
                //_______________________
                sw.Restart();
                Temp = U * U;
                sw.Stop();
                label7.Text = Convert.ToString("Micro " + sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds + " ms");
                //_______________________
    
            }
         n>>=1;
        }
    
        public static Xint MTP(Xint U, Xint V)
        {
            return MTP(U, V, Xint.Max(U.Sign * U, V.Sign * V).ToByteArray().Length << 3);
        }
        public static Xint MTP(Xint U, Xint V, int n)
        {
            if (n <= 3000) return U * V;
            if (n <= 6000) return TC2(U, V, n);
            if (n <= 10000) return TC3(U, V, n);
            if (n <= 40000) return TC4(U, V, n);
            return TC2P(U, V, n);
        }
        private static Xint MTPr(Xint U, Xint V, int n)
        {
            if (n <= 3000) return U * V;
            if (n <= 6000) return TC2(U, V, n);
            if (n <= 10000) return TC3(U, V, n);
            return TC4(U, V, n);
        }
        private static Xint TC2(Xint U1, Xint V1, int n)
        {
            n >>= 1;
            Xint Mask = (Xint.One << n) - 1;
            Xint U0 = U1 & Mask; U1 >>= n;
            Xint V0 = V1 & Mask; V1 >>= n;
            Xint P0 = MTPr(U0, V0, n);
            Xint P2 = MTPr(U1, V1, n);
            return ((P2 << n) + (MTPr(U0 + U1, V0 + V1, n) - (P0 + P2)) << n) + P0;
        }
        private static Xint TC3(Xint U2, Xint V2, int n)
        {
            n = (int)((long)(n) * 0x55555556 >> 32); // n /= 3;
            Xint Mask = (Xint.One << n) - 1;
            Xint U0 = U2 & Mask; U2 >>= n;
            Xint U1 = U2 & Mask; U2 >>= n;
            Xint V0 = V2 & Mask; V2 >>= n;
            Xint V1 = V2 & Mask; V2 >>= n;
            Xint W0 = MTPr(U0, V0, n);
            Xint W4 = MTPr(U2, V2, n);
            Xint P3 = MTPr((((U2 << 1) + U1) << 1) + U0, (((V2 << 1) + V1 << 1)) + V0, n);
            U2 += U0;
            V2 += V0;
            Xint P2 = MTPr(U2 - U1, V2 - V1, n);
            Xint P1 = MTPr(U2 + U1, V2 + V1, n);
            Xint W2 = (P1 + P2 >> 1) - (W0 + W4);
            Xint W3 = W0 - P1;
            W3 = ((W3 + P3 - P2 >> 1) + W3) / 3 - (W4 << 1);
            Xint W1 = P1 - (W4 + W3 + W2 + W0);
            return ((((W4 << n) + W3 << n) + W2 << n) + W1 << n) + W0;
        }
        private static Xint TC4(Xint U3, Xint V3, int n)
        {
            n >>= 2;
            Xint Mask = (Xint.One << n) - 1;
            Xint U0 = U3 & Mask; U3 >>= n;
            Xint U1 = U3 & Mask; U3 >>= n;
            Xint U2 = U3 & Mask; U3 >>= n;
            Xint V0 = V3 & Mask; V3 >>= n;
            Xint V1 = V3 & Mask; V3 >>= n;
            Xint V2 = V3 & Mask; V3 >>= n;
    
            Xint W0 = MTPr(U0, V0, n);                               //  0
            U0 += U2; U1 += U3;
            V0 += V2; V1 += V3;
            Xint P1 = MTPr(U0 + U1, V0 + V1, n);                     //  1
            Xint P2 = MTPr(U0 - U1, V0 - V1, n);                     // -1
            U0 += 3 * U2; U1 += 3 * U3;
            V0 += 3 * V2; V1 += 3 * V3;
            Xint P3 = MTPr(U0 + (U1 << 1), V0 + (V1 << 1), n);       //  2
            Xint P4 = MTPr(U0 - (U1 << 1), V0 - (V1 << 1), n);       // -2
            Xint P5 = MTPr(U0 + 12 * U2 + ((U1 + 12 * U3) << 2),
                           V0 + 12 * V2 + ((V1 + 12 * V3) << 2), n); //  4
            Xint W6 = MTPr(U3, V3, n);                               //  inf
    
            Xint W1 = P1 + P2;
            Xint W4 = (((((P3 + P4) >> 1) - (W1 << 1)) / 3 + W0) >> 2) - 5 * W6;
            Xint W2 = (W1 >> 1) - (W6 + W4 + W0);
            P1 = P1 - P2;
            P4 = P4 - P3;
            Xint W5 = ((P1 >> 1) + (5 * P4 + P5 - W0 >> 4) - ((((W6 << 4) + W4) << 4) + W2)) / 45;
            W1 = ((P4 >> 2) + (P1 << 1)) / 3 + (W5 << 2);
            Xint W3 = (P1 >> 1) - (W1 + W5);
            return ((((((W6 << n) + W5 << n) + W4 << n) + W3 << n) + W2 << n) + W1 << n) + W0;
        }
        private static Xint TC2P(Xint A, Xint B, int n)
        {
            n >>= 1;
            Xint Mask = (Xint.One << n) - 1;
            Xint[] U = new Xint[3];
            U[0] = A & Mask; A >>= n; U[2] = A; U[1] = U[0] + A;
            Xint[] V = new Xint[3];
            V[0] = B & Mask; B >>= n; V[2] = B; V[1] = V[0] + B;
            Xint[] P = new Xint[3];
            Parallel.For(0, 3, (int i) => P[i] = MTPr(U[i], V[i], n));
            return ((P[2] << n) + P[1] - (P[0] + P[2]) << n) + P[0];
        }
    
        private static long current_n;
       private static Xint Product(int n)
        {
            if (n > 2) return MTP(Product(n - (n >>= 1)), Product(n));
            if (n > 1) return (current_n += 2) * (current_n += 2);
            return current_n += 2;
        }
    
        public static Xint[] DQR(Xint A, Xint B)
        {
            int n = bL(B);
            int m = bL(A) - n;
            if (m <= 6000) return SmallDivRem(A, B);
            int signA = A.Sign; A *= signA;
            int signB = B.Sign; B *= signB;
            Xint[] QR = new Xint[2];
            if (m <= n) QR = D21(A, B, n);
            else
            {
                Xint Mask = (Xint.One << n) - 1;
                m /= n;
                Xint[] U = new Xint[m];
                int i = 0;
                for (; i < m; i++)
                {
                    U[i] = A & Mask;
                    A >>= n;
                }
                QR = D21(A, B, n);
                A = QR[0];
                for (i--; i >= 0; i--)
                {
                    QR = D21(QR[1] << n | U[i], B, n);
                    A = A << n | QR[0];
                }
                QR[0] = A;
            }
            QR[0] *= signA * signB;
            QR[1] *= signA;
            return QR;
        }
        private static Xint[] SmallDivRem(Xint A, Xint B)
        {
            Xint[] QR = new Xint[2];
            QR[0] = Xint.DivRem(A, B, out QR[1]);
            return QR;
        }
        private static Xint[] D21(Xint A, Xint B, int n)
        {
            if (n <= 6000) return SmallDivRem(A, B);
            int s = n & 1;
            A <<= s;
            B <<= s;
            n++;
            n >>= 1;
            Xint Mask = (Xint.One << n) - 1;
            Xint B1 = B >> n;
            Xint B2 = B & Mask;
            Xint[] QR1 = D32(A >> (n << 1), A >> n & Mask, B, B1, B2, n);
            Xint[] QR2 = D32(QR1[1], A & Mask, B, B1, B2, n);
            QR2[0] |= QR1[0] << n;
            QR2[1] >>= s;
            return QR2;
        }
        private static Xint[] D32(Xint A12, Xint A3, Xint B, Xint B1, Xint B2, int n)
        {
            Xint[] QR = new Xint[2];
            if ((A12 >> n) != B1) QR = D21(A12, B1, n);
            else
            {
                QR[0] = (Xint.One << n) - 1;
                QR[1] = A12 + B1 - (B1 << n);
            }
            QR[1] = (QR[1] << n | A3) - MTP(QR[0], B2, n);
            while (QR[1] < 0)
            {
                QR[0] -= 1;
                QR[1] += B;
            }
            return QR;
        }
    
        public static Xint SQ(Xint U)
        {
            return SQ(U, U.Sign * U.ToByteArray().Length << 3);
        }
        public static Xint SQ(Xint U, int n)
        {
            if (n <= 700) return U * U;
            if (n <= 3000) return Xint.Pow(U, 2);
            if (n <= 6000) return SQ2(U, n);
            if (n <= 10000) return SQ3(U, n);
            if (n <= 40000) return SQ4(U, n);
            return SQ2P(U, n);
        }
        private static Xint SQr(Xint U, int n)
        {
            if (n <= 3000) return Xint.Pow(U, 2);
            if (n <= 6000) return SQ2(U, n);
            if (n <= 10000) return SQ3(U, n);
            return SQ4(U, n);
        }
        private static Xint SQ2(Xint U1, int n)
        {
            n >>= 1;
            Xint U0 = U1 & ((Xint.One << n) - 1); U1 >>= n;
            Xint P0 = SQr(U0, n);
            Xint P2 = SQr(U1, n);
            return ((P2 << n) + (SQr(U0 + U1, n) - (P0 + P2)) << n) + P0;
        }
        private static Xint SQ3(Xint U2, int n)
        {
            n = (int)((long)(n) * 0x55555556 >> 32);
            Xint Mask = (Xint.One << n) - 1;
            Xint U0 = U2 & Mask; U2 >>= n;
            Xint U1 = U2 & Mask; U2 >>= n;
            Xint W0 = SQr(U0, n);
            Xint W4 = SQr(U2, n);
            Xint P3 = SQr((((U2 << 1) + U1) << 1) + U0, n);
            U2 += U0;
            Xint P2 = SQr(U2 - U1, n);
            Xint P1 = SQr(U2 + U1, n);
            Xint W2 = (P1 + P2 >> 1) - (W0 + W4);
            Xint W3 = W0 - P1;
            W3 = ((W3 + P3 - P2 >> 1) + W3) / 3 - (W4 << 1);
            Xint W1 = P1 - (W4 + W3 + W2 + W0);
            return ((((W4 << n) + W3 << n) + W2 << n) + W1 << n) + W0;
        }
        private static Xint SQ4(Xint U3, int n)
        {
            n >>= 2;
            Xint Mask = (Xint.One << n) - 1;
            Xint U0 = U3 & Mask; U3 >>= n;
            Xint U1 = U3 & Mask; U3 >>= n;
            Xint U2 = U3 & Mask; U3 >>= n;
            Xint W0 = SQr(U0, n);                                   //  0
            U0 += U2;
            U1 += U3;
            Xint P1 = SQr(U0 + U1, n);                              //  1
            Xint P2 = SQr(U0 - U1, n);                              // -1
            U0 += 3 * U2;
            U1 += 3 * U3;
            Xint P3 = SQr(U0 + (U1 << 1), n);                       //  2
            Xint P4 = SQr(U0 - (U1 << 1), n);                       // -2
            Xint P5 = SQr(U0 + 12 * U2 + ((U1 + 12 * U3) << 2), n); //  4
            Xint W6 = SQr(U3, n);                                   //  inf
            Xint W1 = P1 + P2;
            Xint W4 = (((((P3 + P4) >> 1) - (W1 << 1)) / 3 + W0) >> 2) - 5 * W6;
            Xint W2 = (W1 >> 1) - (W6 + W4 + W0);
            P1 = P1 - P2;
            P4 = P4 - P3;
            Xint W5 = ((P1 >> 1) + (5 * P4 + P5 - W0 >> 4) - ((((W6 << 4) + W4) << 4) + W2)) / 45;
            W1 = ((P4 >> 2) + (P1 << 1)) / 3 + (W5 << 2);
            Xint W3 = (P1 >> 1) - (W1 + W5);
            return ((((((W6 << n) + W5 << n) + W4 << n) + W3 << n) + W2 << n) + W1 << n) + W0;
        }
        private static Xint SQ2P(Xint A, int n)
        {
            n >>= 1;
            Xint[] U = new Xint[3];
            U[0] = A & ((Xint.One << n) - 1); A >>= n; U[2] = A; U[1] = U[0] + A;
            Xint[] P = new Xint[3];
            Parallel.For(0, 3, (int i) => P[i] = SQr(U[i], n));
            return ((P[2] << n) + P[1] - (P[0] + P[2]) << n) + P[0];
        }
    
        public static Xint POW(Xint X, int y)
        {
            if (y > 1) return ((y & 1) == 1) ? SQ(POW(X, y >> 1)) * X : SQ(POW(X, y >> 1));
            if (y == 1) return X;
            return 1;
        }
    
        public static Xint[] SR(Xint A)
        {
            return SR(A, bL(A));
        }
        public static Xint[] SR(Xint A, int n)
        {
            if (n < 53) return SR52(A);
            int m = n >> 2;
            Xint Mask = (Xint.One << m) - 1;
            Xint A0 = A & Mask; A >>= m;
            Xint A1 = A & Mask; A >>= m;
            Xint[] R = SR(A, n - (m << 1));
            Xint[] D = DQR(R[1] << m | A1, R[0] << 1);
            R[0] = (R[0] << m) + D[0];
            R[1] = (D[1] << m | A0) - SQ(D[0], m);
            if (R[1] < 0)
            {
                R[0] -= 1;
                R[1] += (R[0] << 1) | 1;
            }
            return R;
        }
        private static Xint[] SR52(Xint A)
        {
            double a = (double)A;
            long q = (long)Math.Sqrt(a);
            long r = (long)(a) - q * q;
            Xint[] QR = { q, r };
            return QR;
        }
    
        public static Xint SRO(Xint A)
        {
            return SRO(A, bL(A));
        }
        public static Xint SRO(Xint A, int n)
        {
            if (n < 53) return (int)Math.Sqrt((double)A);
            Xint[] R = SROr(A, n, 1);
            return R[0];
        }
        private static Xint[] SROr(Xint A, int n, int rc) // rc=recursion counter
        {
            if (n < 53) return SR52(A);
            int m = n >> 2;
            Xint Mask = (Xint.One << m) - 1;
            Xint A0 = A & Mask; A >>= m;
            Xint A1 = A & Mask; A >>= m;
            Xint[] R = SROr(A, n - (m << 1), rc + 1);
            Xint[] D = DQR((R[1] << m) | A1, R[0] << 1);
            R[0] = (R[0] << m) + D[0];
            rc--;
            if (rc != 0)
            {
                R[1] = (D[1] << m | A0) - SQ(D[0], m);
                if (R[1] < 0)
                {
                    R[0] -= 1;
                    R[1] += (R[0] << 1) | 1;
                }
                return R;
            }
            n = (bL(D[0]) << 1) - bL(D[1] << m | A0);
            if (n < 0) return R;
            if (n > 1)
            {
                R[0] -= 1;
                return R;
            }
            int shift = (bL(D[0]) - 31) << 1;
            long d0 = (int)(D[0] >> (shift >> 1));
            long d = (long)((D[1] >> (shift - m)) | (A0 >> shift)) - d0 * d0;
            if (d < 0)
            {
                R[0] -= 1;
                return R;
            }
            if (d > d0 << 1) return R;
            R[0] -= (1 - (((D[1] << m) | A0) - SQ(D[0], m)).Sign) >> 1;
            return R;
        }
    
        public static int bL(Xint U)
        {
            byte[] bytes = (U.Sign * U).ToByteArray();
            int i = bytes.Length - 1;
            return (i << 3) + bitLengthMostSignificantByte(bytes[i]);
        }
        private static int bitLengthMostSignificantByte(byte b)
        {
            return b < 08 ? b < 02 ? b < 01 ? 0 : 1 :
                                     b < 04 ? 2 : 3 :
                            b < 32 ? b < 16 ? 4 : 5 :
                                     b < 64 ? 6 : 7;
        }
    
        public static int fL2(int i)
        {
            return
            i < 1 << 15 ? i < 1 << 07 ? i < 1 << 03 ? i < 1 << 01 ? i < 1 << 00 ? -1 : 00 :
                                                                    i < 1 << 02 ? 01 : 02 :
                                                      i < 1 << 05 ? i < 1 << 04 ? 03 : 04 :
                                                                    i < 1 << 06 ? 05 : 06 :
                                        i < 1 << 11 ? i < 1 << 09 ? i < 1 << 08 ? 07 : 08 :
                                                                    i < 1 << 10 ? 09 : 10 :
                                                      i < 1 << 13 ? i < 1 << 12 ? 11 : 12 :
                                                                    i < 1 << 14 ? 13 : 14 :
                          i < 1 << 23 ? i < 1 << 19 ? i < 1 << 17 ? i < 1 << 16 ? 15 : 16 :
                                                                    i < 1 << 18 ? 17 : 18 :
                                                      i < 1 << 21 ? i < 1 << 20 ? 19 : 20 :
                                                                    i < 1 << 22 ? 21 : 22 :
                                        i < 1 << 27 ? i < 1 << 25 ? i < 1 << 24 ? 23 : 24 :
                                                                    i < 1 << 26 ? 25 : 26 :
                                                      i < 1 << 29 ? i < 1 << 28 ? 27 : 28 :
                                                                    i < 1 << 30 ? 29 : 30;
        }
    
        private static int seed;
        public static Xint RND(int n)
        {
            if (n < 2) return n;
            if (seed == int.MaxValue) seed = 0; else seed++;
            Random rand = new Random(seed);
            byte[] bytes = new byte[(n + 15) >> 3];
            rand.NextBytes(bytes);
            int i = bytes.Length - 1;
            bytes[i] = 0;
            n = (i << 3) - n;
            i--;
            bytes[i] >>= n;
            bytes[i] |= (byte)(128 >> n);
            return new Xint(bytes);
        }
    //++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    

    } }

于 2014-11-14T10:41:06.810 回答
2

一种非常简单的实现方法是基于 FFT。由于将两个数字相乘相当于对它们的系数进行卷积,然后通过传递来消除进位,因此您应该能够通过 FFT 方法(n = 位数)在 O(n log n) 操作中进行卷积。

数字食谱对此有一个章节。对于如此大的数字,这绝对比分而治之的方法(如 Karatsuba)更快。

于 2010-06-24T10:38:22.357 回答
1

您可以为 GNU MP Bignum 库使用C# 包装器,这可能是您所能获得的最快速度。对于纯 C# 实现,您可以尝试IntX

最快的乘法算法实际上是Fürer 的算法,但我还没有找到它的任何实现。

于 2010-06-20T15:06:23.003 回答