我在弄清楚如何使用 Apple 的硬件加速视频框架来解压缩 H.264 视频流时遇到了很多麻烦。几周后，我想通了，想分享一个广泛的例子，因为我找不到。
我的目标是给出一个在WWDC '14 session 513中介绍的 Video Toolbox 的全面、有启发性的示例。我的代码不会编译或运行，因为它需要与基本的 H.264 流（如从文件读取的视频或从在线流等）集成，并且需要根据具体情况进行调整。
我应该提到，除了我在谷歌搜索该主题时学到的知识外，我对视频编码/解码的经验很少。我不知道关于视频格式、参数结构等的所有细节，所以我只包括了我认为你需要知道的内容。
我正在使用 XCode 6.2 并已部署到运行 iOS 8.1 和 8.2 的 iOS 设备。
NALUs: NALUs are simply a chunk of data of varying length that has a NALU start code header 0x00 00 00 01 YY where the first 5 bits of YY tells you what type of NALU this is and therefore what type of data follows the header. (Since you only need the first 5 bits, I use YY & 0x1F to just get the relevant bits.) I list what all these types are in the method NSString * const naluTypesStrings[], but you don't need to know what they all are.
Parameters: Your decoder needs parameters so it knows how the H.264 video data is stored. The 2 you need to set are Sequence Parameter Set (SPS) and Picture Parameter Set (PPS) and they each have their own NALU type number. You don't need to know what the parameters mean, the decoder knows what to do with them.
H.264 Stream Format: In most H.264 streams, you will receive with an initial set of PPS and SPS parameters followed by an i frame (aka IDR frame or flush frame) NALU. Then you will receive several P frame NALUs (maybe a few dozen or so), then another set of parameters (which may be the same as the initial parameters) and an i frame, more P frames, etc. i frames are much bigger than P frames. Conceptually you can think of the i frame as an entire image of the video, and the P frames are just the changes that have been made to that i frame, until you receive the next i frame.
Generate individual NALUs from your H.264 stream. I cannot show code for this step since it depends a lot on what video source you're using. I made this graphic to show what I was working with ("data" in the graphic is "frame" in my following code), but your case may and probably will differ. 
My method receivedRawVideoFrame: is called every time I receive a frame (uint8_t *frame) which was one of 2 types. In the diagram, those 2 frame types are the 2 big purple boxes.
Create a CMVideoFormatDescriptionRef from your SPS and PPS NALUs with CMVideoFormatDescriptionCreateFromH264ParameterSets( ). You cannot display any frames without doing this first. The SPS and PPS may look like a jumble of numbers, but VTD knows what to do with them. All you need to know is that CMVideoFormatDescriptionRef is a description of video data., like width/height, format type (kCMPixelFormat_32BGRA, kCMVideoCodecType_H264 etc.), aspect ratio, color space etc. Your decoder will hold onto the parameters until a new set arrives (sometimes parameters are resent regularly even when they haven't changed).
Re-package your IDR and non-IDR frame NALUs according to the "AVCC" format. This means removing the NALU start codes and replacing them with a 4-byte header that states the length of the NALU. You don't need to do this for the SPS and PPS NALUs. (Note that the 4-byte NALU length header is in big-endian, so if you have a UInt32 value it must be byte-swapped before copying to the CMBlockBuffer using CFSwapInt32. I do this in my code with the htonl function call.)
Package the IDR and non-IDR NALU frames into CMBlockBuffer. Do not do this with the SPS PPS parameter NALUs. All you need to know about CMBlockBuffers is that they are a method to wrap arbitrary blocks of data in core media. (Any compressed video data in a video pipeline is wrapped in this.)
Package the CMBlockBuffer into CMSampleBuffer. All you need to know about CMSampleBuffers is that they wrap up our CMBlockBuffers with other information (here it would be the CMVideoFormatDescription and CMTime, if CMTime is used).
Create a VTDecompressionSessionRef and feed the sample buffers into VTDecompressionSessionDecodeFrame( ). Alternatively, you can use AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer and its enqueueSampleBuffer: method and you won't need to use VTDecompSession. It's simpler to set up, but will not throw errors if something goes wrong like VTD will.
In the VTDecompSession callback, use the resultant CVImageBufferRef to display the video frame. If you need to convert your CVImageBuffer to a UIImage, see my StackOverflow answer here.
H.264 streams can vary a lot. From what I learned, NALU start code headers are sometimes 3 bytes (0x00 00 01) and sometimes 4 (0x00 00 00 01). My code works for 4 bytes; you will need to change a few things around if you're working with 3.
If you want to know more about NALUs, I found this answer to be very helpful. In my case, I found that I didn't need to ignore the "emulation prevention" bytes as described, so I personally skipped that step but you may need to know about that.
If your VTDecompressionSession outputs an error number (like -12909) look up the error code in your XCode project. Find the VideoToolbox framework in your project navigator, open it and find the header VTErrors.h. If you can't find it, I've also included all the error codes below in another answer.
So let's start by declaring some global variables and including the VT framework (VT = Video Toolbox).
#import <VideoToolbox/VideoToolbox.h>
@property (nonatomic, assign) CMVideoFormatDescriptionRef formatDesc;
@property (nonatomic, assign) VTDecompressionSessionRef decompressionSession;
@property (nonatomic, retain) AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer *videoLayer;
@property (nonatomic, assign) int spsSize;
@property (nonatomic, assign) int ppsSize;
The following array is only used so that you can print out what type of NALU frame you are receiving. If you know what all these types mean, good for you, you know more about H.264 than me :) My code only handles types 1, 5, 7 and 8.
NSString * const naluTypesStrings[] =
{
@"0: Unspecified (non-VCL)",
@"1: Coded slice of a non-IDR picture (VCL)", // P frame
@"2: Coded slice data partition A (VCL)",
@"3: Coded slice data partition B (VCL)",
@"4: Coded slice data partition C (VCL)",
@"5: Coded slice of an IDR picture (VCL)", // I frame
@"6: Supplemental enhancement information (SEI) (non-VCL)",
@"7: Sequence parameter set (non-VCL)", // SPS parameter
@"8: Picture parameter set (non-VCL)", // PPS parameter
@"9: Access unit delimiter (non-VCL)",
@"10: End of sequence (non-VCL)",
@"11: End of stream (non-VCL)",
@"12: Filler data (non-VCL)",
@"13: Sequence parameter set extension (non-VCL)",
@"14: Prefix NAL unit (non-VCL)",
@"15: Subset sequence parameter set (non-VCL)",
@"16: Reserved (non-VCL)",
@"17: Reserved (non-VCL)",
@"18: Reserved (non-VCL)",
@"19: Coded slice of an auxiliary coded picture without partitioning (non-VCL)",
@"20: Coded slice extension (non-VCL)",
@"21: Coded slice extension for depth view components (non-VCL)",
@"22: Reserved (non-VCL)",
@"23: Reserved (non-VCL)",
@"24: STAP-A Single-time aggregation packet (non-VCL)",
@"25: STAP-B Single-time aggregation packet (non-VCL)",
@"26: MTAP16 Multi-time aggregation packet (non-VCL)",
@"27: MTAP24 Multi-time aggregation packet (non-VCL)",
@"28: FU-A Fragmentation unit (non-VCL)",
@"29: FU-B Fragmentation unit (non-VCL)",
@"30: Unspecified (non-VCL)",
@"31: Unspecified (non-VCL)",
};
Now this is where all the magic happens.
-(void) receivedRawVideoFrame:(uint8_t *)frame withSize:(uint32_t)frameSize isIFrame:(int)isIFrame
{
OSStatus status;
uint8_t *data = NULL;
uint8_t *pps = NULL;
uint8_t *sps = NULL;
// I know what my H.264 data source's NALUs look like so I know start code index is always 0.
// if you don't know where it starts, you can use a for loop similar to how i find the 2nd and 3rd start codes
int startCodeIndex = 0;
int secondStartCodeIndex = 0;
int thirdStartCodeIndex = 0;
long blockLength = 0;
CMSampleBufferRef sampleBuffer = NULL;
CMBlockBufferRef blockBuffer = NULL;
int nalu_type = (frame[startCodeIndex + 4] & 0x1F);
NSLog(@"~~~~~~~ Received NALU Type \"%@\" ~~~~~~~~", naluTypesStrings[nalu_type]);
// if we havent already set up our format description with our SPS PPS parameters, we
// can't process any frames except type 7 that has our parameters
if (nalu_type != 7 && _formatDesc == NULL)
{
NSLog(@"Video error: Frame is not an I Frame and format description is null");
return;
}
// NALU type 7 is the SPS parameter NALU
if (nalu_type == 7)
{
// find where the second PPS start code begins, (the 0x00 00 00 01 code)
// from which we also get the length of the first SPS code
for (int i = startCodeIndex + 4; i < startCodeIndex + 40; i++)
{
if (frame[i] == 0x00 && frame[i+1] == 0x00 && frame[i+2] == 0x00 && frame[i+3] == 0x01)
{
secondStartCodeIndex = i;
_spsSize = secondStartCodeIndex; // includes the header in the size
break;
}
}
// find what the second NALU type is
nalu_type = (frame[secondStartCodeIndex + 4] & 0x1F);
NSLog(@"~~~~~~~ Received NALU Type \"%@\" ~~~~~~~~", naluTypesStrings[nalu_type]);
}
// type 8 is the PPS parameter NALU
if(nalu_type == 8)
{
// find where the NALU after this one starts so we know how long the PPS parameter is
for (int i = _spsSize + 4; i < _spsSize + 30; i++)
{
if (frame[i] == 0x00 && frame[i+1] == 0x00 && frame[i+2] == 0x00 && frame[i+3] == 0x01)
{
thirdStartCodeIndex = i;
_ppsSize = thirdStartCodeIndex - _spsSize;
break;
}
}
// allocate enough data to fit the SPS and PPS parameters into our data objects.
// VTD doesn't want you to include the start code header (4 bytes long) so we add the - 4 here
sps = malloc(_spsSize - 4);
pps = malloc(_ppsSize - 4);
// copy in the actual sps and pps values, again ignoring the 4 byte header
memcpy (sps, &frame[4], _spsSize-4);
memcpy (pps, &frame[_spsSize+4], _ppsSize-4);
// now we set our H264 parameters
uint8_t* parameterSetPointers[2] = {sps, pps};
size_t parameterSetSizes[2] = {_spsSize-4, _ppsSize-4};
// suggestion from @Kris Dude's answer below
if (_formatDesc)
{
CFRelease(_formatDesc);
_formatDesc = NULL;
}
status = CMVideoFormatDescriptionCreateFromH264ParameterSets(kCFAllocatorDefault, 2,
(const uint8_t *const*)parameterSetPointers,
parameterSetSizes, 4,
&_formatDesc);
NSLog(@"\t\t Creation of CMVideoFormatDescription: %@", (status == noErr) ? @"successful!" : @"failed...");
if(status != noErr) NSLog(@"\t\t Format Description ERROR type: %d", (int)status);
// See if decomp session can convert from previous format description
// to the new one, if not we need to remake the decomp session.
// This snippet was not necessary for my applications but it could be for yours
/*BOOL needNewDecompSession = (VTDecompressionSessionCanAcceptFormatDescription(_decompressionSession, _formatDesc) == NO);
if(needNewDecompSession)
{
[self createDecompSession];
}*/
// now lets handle the IDR frame that (should) come after the parameter sets
// I say "should" because that's how I expect my H264 stream to work, YMMV
nalu_type = (frame[thirdStartCodeIndex + 4] & 0x1F);
NSLog(@"~~~~~~~ Received NALU Type \"%@\" ~~~~~~~~", naluTypesStrings[nalu_type]);
}
// create our VTDecompressionSession. This isnt neccessary if you choose to use AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer
if((status == noErr) && (_decompressionSession == NULL))
{
[self createDecompSession];
}
// type 5 is an IDR frame NALU. The SPS and PPS NALUs should always be followed by an IDR (or IFrame) NALU, as far as I know
if(nalu_type == 5)
{
// find the offset, or where the SPS and PPS NALUs end and the IDR frame NALU begins
int offset = _spsSize + _ppsSize;
blockLength = frameSize - offset;
data = malloc(blockLength);
data = memcpy(data, &frame[offset], blockLength);
// replace the start code header on this NALU with its size.
// AVCC format requires that you do this.
// htonl converts the unsigned int from host to network byte order
uint32_t dataLength32 = htonl (blockLength - 4);
memcpy (data, &dataLength32, sizeof (uint32_t));
// create a block buffer from the IDR NALU
status = CMBlockBufferCreateWithMemoryBlock(NULL, data, // memoryBlock to hold buffered data
blockLength, // block length of the mem block in bytes.
kCFAllocatorNull, NULL,
0, // offsetToData
blockLength, // dataLength of relevant bytes, starting at offsetToData
0, &blockBuffer);
NSLog(@"\t\t BlockBufferCreation: \t %@", (status == kCMBlockBufferNoErr) ? @"successful!" : @"failed...");
}
// NALU type 1 is non-IDR (or PFrame) picture
if (nalu_type == 1)
{
// non-IDR frames do not have an offset due to SPS and PSS, so the approach
// is similar to the IDR frames just without the offset
blockLength = frameSize;
data = malloc(blockLength);
data = memcpy(data, &frame[0], blockLength);
// again, replace the start header with the size of the NALU
uint32_t dataLength32 = htonl (blockLength - 4);
memcpy (data, &dataLength32, sizeof (uint32_t));
status = CMBlockBufferCreateWithMemoryBlock(NULL, data, // memoryBlock to hold data. If NULL, block will be alloc when needed
blockLength, // overall length of the mem block in bytes
kCFAllocatorNull, NULL,
0, // offsetToData
blockLength, // dataLength of relevant data bytes, starting at offsetToData
0, &blockBuffer);
NSLog(@"\t\t BlockBufferCreation: \t %@", (status == kCMBlockBufferNoErr) ? @"successful!" : @"failed...");
}
// now create our sample buffer from the block buffer,
if(status == noErr)
{
// here I'm not bothering with any timing specifics since in my case we displayed all frames immediately
const size_t sampleSize = blockLength;
status = CMSampleBufferCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault,
blockBuffer, true, NULL, NULL,
_formatDesc, 1, 0, NULL, 1,
&sampleSize, &sampleBuffer);
NSLog(@"\t\t SampleBufferCreate: \t %@", (status == noErr) ? @"successful!" : @"failed...");
}
if(status == noErr)
{
// set some values of the sample buffer's attachments
CFArrayRef attachments = CMSampleBufferGetSampleAttachmentsArray(sampleBuffer, YES);
CFMutableDictionaryRef dict = (CFMutableDictionaryRef)CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(attachments, 0);
CFDictionarySetValue(dict, kCMSampleAttachmentKey_DisplayImmediately, kCFBooleanTrue);
// either send the samplebuffer to a VTDecompressionSession or to an AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer
[self render:sampleBuffer];
}
// free memory to avoid a memory leak, do the same for sps, pps and blockbuffer
if (NULL != data)
{
free (data);
data = NULL;
}
}
The following method creates your VTD session. Recreate it whenever you receive new parameters. (You don't have to recreate it every time you receive parameters, pretty sure.)
If you want to set attributes for the destination CVPixelBuffer, read up on CoreVideo PixelBufferAttributes values and put them in NSDictionary *destinationImageBufferAttributes.
-(void) createDecompSession
{
// make sure to destroy the old VTD session
_decompressionSession = NULL;
VTDecompressionOutputCallbackRecord callBackRecord;
callBackRecord.decompressionOutputCallback = decompressionSessionDecodeFrameCallback;
// this is necessary if you need to make calls to Objective C "self" from within in the callback method.
callBackRecord.decompressionOutputRefCon = (__bridge void *)self;
// you can set some desired attributes for the destination pixel buffer. I didn't use this but you may
// if you need to set some attributes, be sure to uncomment the dictionary in VTDecompressionSessionCreate
NSDictionary *destinationImageBufferAttributes = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
[NSNumber numberWithBool:YES],
(id)kCVPixelBufferOpenGLESCompatibilityKey,
nil];
OSStatus status = VTDecompressionSessionCreate(NULL, _formatDesc, NULL,
NULL, // (__bridge CFDictionaryRef)(destinationImageBufferAttributes)
&callBackRecord, &_decompressionSession);
NSLog(@"Video Decompression Session Create: \t %@", (status == noErr) ? @"successful!" : @"failed...");
if(status != noErr) NSLog(@"\t\t VTD ERROR type: %d", (int)status);
}
Now this method gets called every time VTD is done decompressing any frame you sent to it. This method gets called even if there's an error or if the frame is dropped.
void decompressionSessionDecodeFrameCallback(void *decompressionOutputRefCon,
void *sourceFrameRefCon,
OSStatus status,
VTDecodeInfoFlags infoFlags,
CVImageBufferRef imageBuffer,
CMTime presentationTimeStamp,
CMTime presentationDuration)
{
THISCLASSNAME *streamManager = (__bridge THISCLASSNAME *)decompressionOutputRefCon;
if (status != noErr)
{
NSError *error = [NSError errorWithDomain:NSOSStatusErrorDomain code:status userInfo:nil];
NSLog(@"Decompressed error: %@", error);
}
else
{
NSLog(@"Decompressed sucessfully");
// do something with your resulting CVImageBufferRef that is your decompressed frame
[streamManager displayDecodedFrame:imageBuffer];
}
}
This is where we actually send the sampleBuffer off to the VTD to be decoded.
- (void) render:(CMSampleBufferRef)sampleBuffer
{
VTDecodeFrameFlags flags = kVTDecodeFrame_EnableAsynchronousDecompression;
VTDecodeInfoFlags flagOut;
NSDate* currentTime = [NSDate date];
VTDecompressionSessionDecodeFrame(_decompressionSession, sampleBuffer, flags,
(void*)CFBridgingRetain(currentTime), &flagOut);
CFRelease(sampleBuffer);
// if you're using AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer, you only need to use this line of code
// [videoLayer enqueueSampleBuffer:sampleBuffer];
}
If you're using AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer, be sure to init the layer like this, in viewDidLoad or inside some other init method.
-(void) viewDidLoad
{
// create our AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer and add it to the view
videoLayer = [[AVSampleBufferDisplayLayer alloc] init];
videoLayer.frame = self.view.frame;
videoLayer.bounds = self.view.bounds;
videoLayer.videoGravity = AVLayerVideoGravityResizeAspect;
// set Timebase, you may need this if you need to display frames at specific times
// I didn't need it so I haven't verified that the timebase is working
CMTimebaseRef controlTimebase;
CMTimebaseCreateWithMasterClock(CFAllocatorGetDefault(), CMClockGetHostTimeClock(), &controlTimebase);
//videoLayer.controlTimebase = controlTimebase;
CMTimebaseSetTime(self.videoLayer.controlTimebase, kCMTimeZero);
CMTimebaseSetRate(self.videoLayer.controlTimebase, 1.0);
[[self.view layer] addSublayer:videoLayer];
}
如果您在框架中找不到 VTD 错误代码，我决定将它们包含在这里。（同样，所有这些错误和更多错误都可以VideoToolbox.framework在项目导航器本身的文件中找到VTErrors.h。）
您将在 VTD 解码帧回调中或在创建 VTD 会话时（如果您做错了某事）中获得这些错误代码之一。
kVTPropertyNotSupportedErr = -12900,
kVTPropertyReadOnlyErr = -12901,
kVTParameterErr = -12902,
kVTInvalidSessionErr = -12903,
kVTAllocationFailedErr = -12904,
kVTPixelTransferNotSupportedErr = -12905, // c.f. -8961
kVTCouldNotFindVideoDecoderErr = -12906,
kVTCouldNotCreateInstanceErr = -12907,
kVTCouldNotFindVideoEncoderErr = -12908,
kVTVideoDecoderBadDataErr = -12909, // c.f. -8969
kVTVideoDecoderUnsupportedDataFormatErr = -12910, // c.f. -8970
kVTVideoDecoderMalfunctionErr = -12911, // c.f. -8960
kVTVideoEncoderMalfunctionErr = -12912,
kVTVideoDecoderNotAvailableNowErr = -12913,
kVTImageRotationNotSupportedErr = -12914,
kVTVideoEncoderNotAvailableNowErr = -12915,
kVTFormatDescriptionChangeNotSupportedErr = -12916,
kVTInsufficientSourceColorDataErr = -12917,
kVTCouldNotCreateColorCorrectionDataErr = -12918,
kVTColorSyncTransformConvertFailedErr = -12919,
kVTVideoDecoderAuthorizationErr = -12210,
kVTVideoEncoderAuthorizationErr = -12211,
kVTColorCorrectionPixelTransferFailedErr = -12212,
kVTMultiPassStorageIdentifierMismatchErr = -12213,
kVTMultiPassStorageInvalidErr = -12214,
kVTFrameSiloInvalidTimeStampErr = -12215,
kVTFrameSiloInvalidTimeRangeErr = -12216,
kVTCouldNotFindTemporalFilterErr = -12217,
kVTPixelTransferNotPermittedErr = -12218,
在 Josh Baker 的 Avios 库中可以找到一个很好的 Swift 示例：https ://github.com/tidwall/Avios
请注意，Avios 当前希望用户在 NAL 起始码处处理分块数据，但确实从该点开始处理解码数据。
同样值得一看的是基于 Swift 的 RTMP 库 HaishinKit（以前称为“LF”），它有自己的解码实现，包括更强大的 NALU 解析：https ://github.com/shogo4405/lf.swift
除了上面的 VTErrors，我认为值得添加您在尝试 Livy 的示例时可能遇到的 CMFormatDescription、CMBlockBuffer、CMSampleBuffer 错误。
kCMFormatDescriptionError_InvalidParameter = -12710,
kCMFormatDescriptionError_AllocationFailed = -12711,
kCMFormatDescriptionError_ValueNotAvailable = -12718,
kCMBlockBufferNoErr = 0,
kCMBlockBufferStructureAllocationFailedErr = -12700,
kCMBlockBufferBlockAllocationFailedErr = -12701,
kCMBlockBufferBadCustomBlockSourceErr = -12702,
kCMBlockBufferBadOffsetParameterErr = -12703,
kCMBlockBufferBadLengthParameterErr = -12704,
kCMBlockBufferBadPointerParameterErr = -12705,
kCMBlockBufferEmptyBBufErr = -12706,
kCMBlockBufferUnallocatedBlockErr = -12707,
kCMBlockBufferInsufficientSpaceErr = -12708,
kCMSampleBufferError_AllocationFailed = -12730,
kCMSampleBufferError_RequiredParameterMissing = -12731,
kCMSampleBufferError_AlreadyHasDataBuffer = -12732,
kCMSampleBufferError_BufferNotReady = -12733,
kCMSampleBufferError_SampleIndexOutOfRange = -12734,
kCMSampleBufferError_BufferHasNoSampleSizes = -12735,
kCMSampleBufferError_BufferHasNoSampleTimingInfo = -12736,
kCMSampleBufferError_ArrayTooSmall = -12737,
kCMSampleBufferError_InvalidEntryCount = -12738,
kCMSampleBufferError_CannotSubdivide = -12739,
kCMSampleBufferError_SampleTimingInfoInvalid = -12740,
kCMSampleBufferError_InvalidMediaTypeForOperation = -12741,
kCMSampleBufferError_InvalidSampleData = -12742,
kCMSampleBufferError_InvalidMediaFormat = -12743,
kCMSampleBufferError_Invalidated = -12744,
kCMSampleBufferError_DataFailed = -16750,
kCMSampleBufferError_DataCanceled = -16751,
感谢 Olivia 的这篇精彩而详细的帖子！我最近开始使用 Xamarin 表单在 iPad Pro 上编写一个流媒体应用程序，这篇文章帮助很大，我在整个网络上找到了很多关于它的引用。
我想很多人已经在 Xamarin 中重写了 Olivia 的示例，我并没有声称自己是世界上最好的程序员。但是由于没有人在这里发布 C#/Xamarin 版本，我想为上面的精彩帖子回馈社区，这里是我的 C#/Xamarin 版本。也许它可以帮助某人加快她或他的项目的进度。
我一直密切关注 Olivia 的例子，我什至保留了她的大部分评论。
首先，因为我更喜欢处理枚举而不是数字，所以我声明了这个 NALU 枚举。为了完整起见，我还添加了一些我在互联网上找到的“异国情调”的 NALU 类型：
public enum NALUnitType : byte
{
NALU_TYPE_UNKNOWN = 0,
NALU_TYPE_SLICE = 1,
NALU_TYPE_DPA = 2,
NALU_TYPE_DPB = 3,
NALU_TYPE_DPC = 4,
NALU_TYPE_IDR = 5,
NALU_TYPE_SEI = 6,
NALU_TYPE_SPS = 7,
NALU_TYPE_PPS = 8,
NALU_TYPE_AUD = 9,
NALU_TYPE_EOSEQ = 10,
NALU_TYPE_EOSTREAM = 11,
NALU_TYPE_FILL = 12,
NALU_TYPE_13 = 13,
NALU_TYPE_14 = 14,
NALU_TYPE_15 = 15,
NALU_TYPE_16 = 16,
NALU_TYPE_17 = 17,
NALU_TYPE_18 = 18,
NALU_TYPE_19 = 19,
NALU_TYPE_20 = 20,
NALU_TYPE_21 = 21,
NALU_TYPE_22 = 22,
NALU_TYPE_23 = 23,
NALU_TYPE_STAP_A = 24,
NALU_TYPE_STAP_B = 25,
NALU_TYPE_MTAP16 = 26,
NALU_TYPE_MTAP24 = 27,
NALU_TYPE_FU_A = 28,
NALU_TYPE_FU_B = 29,
}
或多或少为了方便起见，我还为 NALU 描述定义了一个附加字典：
public static Dictionary<NALUnitType, string> GetDescription { get; } =
new Dictionary<NALUnitType, string>()
{
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_UNKNOWN, "Unspecified (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_SLICE, "Coded slice of a non-IDR picture (VCL) [P-frame]" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_DPA, "Coded slice data partition A (VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_DPB, "Coded slice data partition B (VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_DPC, "Coded slice data partition C (VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_IDR, "Coded slice of an IDR picture (VCL) [I-frame]" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_SEI, "Supplemental Enhancement Information [SEI] (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_SPS, "Sequence Parameter Set [SPS] (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_PPS, "Picture Parameter Set [PPS] (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_AUD, "Access Unit Delimiter [AUD] (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_EOSEQ, "End of Sequence (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_EOSTREAM, "End of Stream (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_FILL, "Filler data (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_13, "Sequence Parameter Set Extension (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_14, "Prefix NAL Unit (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_15, "Subset Sequence Parameter Set (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_16, "Reserved (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_17, "Reserved (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_18, "Reserved (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_19, "Coded slice of an auxiliary coded picture without partitioning (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_20, "Coded Slice Extension (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_21, "Coded Slice Extension for Depth View Components (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_22, "Reserved (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_23, "Reserved (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_STAP_A, "STAP-A Single-time Aggregation Packet (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_STAP_B, "STAP-B Single-time Aggregation Packet (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_MTAP16, "MTAP16 Multi-time Aggregation Packet (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_MTAP24, "MTAP24 Multi-time Aggregation Packet (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_FU_A, "FU-A Fragmentation Unit (non-VCL)" },
{ NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_FU_B, "FU-B Fragmentation Unit (non-VCL)" }
};
这是我的主要解码程序。我假设接收到的帧为原始字节数组：
public void Decode(byte[] frame)
{
uint frameSize = (uint)frame.Length;
SendDebugMessage($"Received frame of {frameSize} bytes.");
// I know how my H.264 data source's NALUs looks like so I know start code index is always 0.
// if you don't know where it starts, you can use a for loop similar to how I find the 2nd and 3rd start codes
uint firstStartCodeIndex = 0;
uint secondStartCodeIndex = 0;
uint thirdStartCodeIndex = 0;
// length of NALU start code in bytes.
// for h.264 the start code is 4 bytes and looks like this: 0 x 00 00 00 01
const uint naluHeaderLength = 4;
// check the first 8bits after the NALU start code, mask out bits 0-2, the NALU type ID is in bits 3-7
uint startNaluIndex = firstStartCodeIndex + naluHeaderLength;
byte startByte = frame[startNaluIndex];
int naluTypeId = startByte & 0x1F; // 0001 1111
NALUnitType naluType = (NALUnitType)naluTypeId;
SendDebugMessage($"1st Start Code Index: {firstStartCodeIndex}");
SendDebugMessage($"1st NALU Type: '{NALUnit.GetDescription[naluType]}' ({(int)naluType})");
// bits 1 and 2 are the NRI
int nalRefIdc = startByte & 0x60; // 0110 0000
SendDebugMessage($"1st NRI (NAL Ref Idc): {nalRefIdc}");
// IF the very first NALU type is an IDR -> handle it like a slice frame (-> re-cast it to type 1 [Slice])
if (naluType == NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_IDR)
{
naluType = NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_SLICE;
}
// if we haven't already set up our format description with our SPS PPS parameters,
// we can't process any frames except type 7 that has our parameters
if (naluType != NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_SPS && this.FormatDescription == null)
{
SendDebugMessage("Video Error: Frame is not an I-Frame and format description is null.");
return;
}
// NALU type 7 is the SPS parameter NALU
if (naluType == NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_SPS)
{
// find where the second PPS 4byte start code begins (0x00 00 00 01)
// from which we also get the length of the first SPS code
for (uint i = firstStartCodeIndex + naluHeaderLength; i < firstStartCodeIndex + 40; i++)
{
if (frame[i] == 0x00 && frame[i + 1] == 0x00 && frame[i + 2] == 0x00 && frame[i + 3] == 0x01)
{
secondStartCodeIndex = i;
this.SpsSize = secondStartCodeIndex; // includes the header in the size
SendDebugMessage($"2nd Start Code Index: {secondStartCodeIndex} -> SPS Size: {this.SpsSize}");
break;
}
}
// find what the second NALU type is
startByte = frame[secondStartCodeIndex + naluHeaderLength];
naluType = (NALUnitType)(startByte & 0x1F);
SendDebugMessage($"2nd NALU Type: '{NALUnit.GetDescription[naluType]}' ({(int)naluType})");
// bits 1 and 2 are the NRI
nalRefIdc = startByte & 0x60; // 0110 0000
SendDebugMessage($"2nd NRI (NAL Ref Idc): {nalRefIdc}");
}
// type 8 is the PPS parameter NALU
if (naluType == NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_PPS)
{
// find where the NALU after this one starts so we know how long the PPS parameter is
for (uint i = this.SpsSize + naluHeaderLength; i < this.SpsSize + 30; i++)
{
if (frame[i] == 0x00 && frame[i + 1] == 0x00 && frame[i + 2] == 0x00 && frame[i + 3] == 0x01)
{
thirdStartCodeIndex = i;
this.PpsSize = thirdStartCodeIndex - this.SpsSize;
SendDebugMessage($"3rd Start Code Index: {thirdStartCodeIndex} -> PPS Size: {this.PpsSize}");
break;
}
}
// allocate enough data to fit the SPS and PPS parameters into our data objects.
// VTD doesn't want you to include the start code header (4 bytes long) so we subtract 4 here
byte[] sps = new byte[this.SpsSize - naluHeaderLength];
byte[] pps = new byte[this.PpsSize - naluHeaderLength];
// copy in the actual sps and pps values, again ignoring the 4 byte header
Array.Copy(frame, naluHeaderLength, sps, 0, sps.Length);
Array.Copy(frame, this.SpsSize + naluHeaderLength, pps,0, pps.Length);
// create video format description
List<byte[]> parameterSets = new List<byte[]> { sps, pps };
this.FormatDescription = CMVideoFormatDescription.FromH264ParameterSets(parameterSets, (int)naluHeaderLength, out CMFormatDescriptionError formatDescriptionError);
SendDebugMessage($"Creation of CMVideoFormatDescription: {((formatDescriptionError == CMFormatDescriptionError.None)? $"Successful! (Video Codec = {this.FormatDescription.VideoCodecType}, Dimension = {this.FormatDescription.Dimensions.Height} x {this.FormatDescription.Dimensions.Width}px, Type = {this.FormatDescription.MediaType})" : $"Failed ({formatDescriptionError})")}");
// re-create the decompression session whenever new PPS data was received
this.DecompressionSession = this.CreateDecompressionSession(this.FormatDescription);
// now lets handle the IDR frame that (should) come after the parameter sets
// I say "should" because that's how I expect my H264 stream to work, YMMV
startByte = frame[thirdStartCodeIndex + naluHeaderLength];
naluType = (NALUnitType)(startByte & 0x1F);
SendDebugMessage($"3rd NALU Type: '{NALUnit.GetDescription[naluType]}' ({(int)naluType})");
// bits 1 and 2 are the NRI
nalRefIdc = startByte & 0x60; // 0110 0000
SendDebugMessage($"3rd NRI (NAL Ref Idc): {nalRefIdc}");
}
// type 5 is an IDR frame NALU.
// The SPS and PPS NALUs should always be followed by an IDR (or IFrame) NALU, as far as I know.
if (naluType == NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_IDR || naluType == NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_SLICE)
{
// find the offset or where IDR frame NALU begins (after the SPS and PPS NALUs end)
uint offset = (naluType == NALUnitType.NALU_TYPE_SLICE)? 0 : this.SpsSize + this.PpsSize;
uint blockLength = frameSize - offset;
SendDebugMessage($"Block Length (NALU type '{naluType}'): {blockLength}");
var blockData = new byte[blockLength];
Array.Copy(frame, offset, blockData, 0, blockLength);
// write the size of the block length (IDR picture data) at the beginning of the IDR block.
// this means we replace the start code header (0 x 00 00 00 01) of the IDR NALU with the block size.
// AVCC format requires that you do this.
// This next block is very specific to my application and wasn't in Olivia's example:
// For my stream is encoded by NVIDEA NVEC I had to deal with additional 3-byte start codes within my IDR/SLICE frame.
// These start codes must be replaced by 4 byte start codes adding the block length as big endian.
// ======================================================================================================================================================
// find all 3 byte start code indices (0x00 00 01) within the block data (including the first 4 bytes of NALU header)
uint startCodeLength = 3;
List<uint> foundStartCodeIndices = new List<uint>();
for (uint i = 0; i < blockData.Length; i++)
{
if (blockData[i] == 0x00 && blockData[i + 1] == 0x00 && blockData[i + 2] == 0x01)
{
foundStartCodeIndices.Add(i);
byte naluByte = blockData[i + startCodeLength];
var tmpNaluType = (NALUnitType)(naluByte & 0x1F);
SendDebugMessage($"3-Byte Start Code (0x000001) found at index: {i} (NALU type {(int)tmpNaluType} '{NALUnit.GetDescription[tmpNaluType]}'");
}
}
// determine the byte length of each slice
uint totalLength = 0;
List<uint> sliceLengths = new List<uint>();
for (int i = 0; i < foundStartCodeIndices.Count; i++)
{
// for convenience only
bool isLastValue = (i == foundStartCodeIndices.Count-1);
// start-index to bit right after the start code
uint startIndex = foundStartCodeIndices[i] + startCodeLength;
// set end-index to bit right before beginning of next start code or end of frame
uint endIndex = isLastValue ? (uint) blockData.Length : foundStartCodeIndices[i + 1];
// now determine slice length including NALU header
uint sliceLength = (endIndex - startIndex) + naluHeaderLength;
// add length to list
sliceLengths.Add(sliceLength);
// sum up total length of all slices (including NALU header)
totalLength += sliceLength;
}
// Arrange slices like this:
// [4byte slice1 size][slice1 data][4byte slice2 size][slice2 data]...[4byte slice4 size][slice4 data]
// Replace 3-Byte Start Code with 4-Byte start code, then replace the 4-Byte start codes with the length of the following data block (big endian).
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65576349/nvidia-nvenc-media-foundation-encoded-h-264-frames-not-decoded-properly-using
byte[] finalBuffer = new byte[totalLength];
uint destinationIndex = 0;
// create a buffer for each slice and append it to the final block buffer
for (int i = 0; i < sliceLengths.Count; i++)
{
// create byte vector of size of current slice, add additional bytes for NALU start code length
byte[] sliceData = new byte[sliceLengths[i]];
// now copy the data of current slice into the byte vector,
// start reading data after the 3-byte start code
// start writing data after NALU start code,
uint sourceIndex = foundStartCodeIndices[i] + startCodeLength;
long dataLength = sliceLengths[i] - naluHeaderLength;
Array.Copy(blockData, sourceIndex, sliceData, naluHeaderLength, dataLength);
// replace the NALU start code with data length as big endian
byte[] sliceLengthInBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(sliceLengths[i] - naluHeaderLength);
Array.Reverse(sliceLengthInBytes);
Array.Copy(sliceLengthInBytes, 0, sliceData, 0, naluHeaderLength);
// add the slice data to final buffer
Array.Copy(sliceData, 0, finalBuffer, destinationIndex, sliceData.Length);
destinationIndex += sliceLengths[i];
}
// ======================================================================================================================================================
// from here we are back on track with Olivia's code:
// now create block buffer from final byte[] buffer
CMBlockBufferFlags flags = CMBlockBufferFlags.AssureMemoryNow | CMBlockBufferFlags.AlwaysCopyData;
var finalBlockBuffer = CMBlockBuffer.FromMemoryBlock(finalBuffer, 0, flags, out CMBlockBufferError blockBufferError);
SendDebugMessage($"Creation of Final Block Buffer: {(blockBufferError == CMBlockBufferError.None ? "Successful!" : $"Failed ({blockBufferError})")}");
if (blockBufferError != CMBlockBufferError.None) return;
// now create the sample buffer
nuint[] sampleSizeArray = new nuint[] { totalLength };
CMSampleBuffer sampleBuffer = CMSampleBuffer.CreateReady(finalBlockBuffer, this.FormatDescription, 1, null, sampleSizeArray, out CMSampleBufferError sampleBufferError);
SendDebugMessage($"Creation of Final Sample Buffer: {(sampleBufferError == CMSampleBufferError.None ? "Successful!" : $"Failed ({sampleBufferError})")}");
if (sampleBufferError != CMSampleBufferError.None) return;
// if sample buffer was successfully created -> pass sample to decoder
// set sample attachments
CMSampleBufferAttachmentSettings[] attachments = sampleBuffer.GetSampleAttachments(true);
var attachmentSetting = attachments[0];
attachmentSetting.DisplayImmediately = true;
// enable async decoding
VTDecodeFrameFlags decodeFrameFlags = VTDecodeFrameFlags.EnableAsynchronousDecompression;
// add time stamp
var currentTime = DateTime.Now;
var currentTimePtr = new IntPtr(currentTime.Ticks);
// send the sample buffer to a VTDecompressionSession
var result = DecompressionSession.DecodeFrame(sampleBuffer, decodeFrameFlags, currentTimePtr, out VTDecodeInfoFlags decodeInfoFlags);
if (result == VTStatus.Ok)
{
SendDebugMessage($"Executing DecodeFrame(..): Successful! (Info: {decodeInfoFlags})");
}
else
{
NSError error = new NSError(CFErrorDomain.OSStatus, (int)result);
SendDebugMessage($"Executing DecodeFrame(..): Failed ({(VtStatusEx)result} [0x{(int)result:X8}] - {error}) - Info: {decodeInfoFlags}");
}
}
}
我创建解压会话的函数如下所示：
private VTDecompressionSession CreateDecompressionSession(CMVideoFormatDescription formatDescription)
{
VTDecompressionSession.VTDecompressionOutputCallback callBackRecord = this.DecompressionSessionDecodeFrameCallback;
VTVideoDecoderSpecification decoderSpecification = new VTVideoDecoderSpecification
{
EnableHardwareAcceleratedVideoDecoder = true
};
CVPixelBufferAttributes destinationImageBufferAttributes = new CVPixelBufferAttributes();
try
{
var decompressionSession = VTDecompressionSession.Create(callBackRecord, formatDescription, decoderSpecification, destinationImageBufferAttributes);
SendDebugMessage("Video Decompression Session Creation: Successful!");
return decompressionSession;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
SendDebugMessage($"Video Decompression Session Creation: Failed ({e.Message})");
return null;
}
}
解压会话回调例程：
private void DecompressionSessionDecodeFrameCallback(
IntPtr sourceFrame,
VTStatus status,
VTDecodeInfoFlags infoFlags,
CVImageBuffer imageBuffer,
CMTime presentationTimeStamp,
CMTime presentationDuration)
{
if (status != VTStatus.Ok)
{
NSError error = new NSError(CFErrorDomain.OSStatus, (int)status);
SendDebugMessage($"Decompression: Failed ({(VtStatusEx)status} [0x{(int)status:X8}] - {error})");
}
else
{
SendDebugMessage("Decompression: Successful!");
try
{
var image = GetImageFromImageBuffer(imageBuffer);
// In my application I do not use a display layer but send the decoded image directly by an event:
ImageSource imgSource = ImageSource.FromStream(() => image.AsPNG().AsStream());
OnImageFrameReady?.Invoke(imgSource);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
SendDebugMessage(e.ToString());
}
}
}
我使用此函数将 CVImageBuffer 转换为 UIImage。它还参考了上面提到的 Olivia 的一篇文章（如何将 CVImageBufferRef 转换为 UIImage）：
private UIImage GetImageFromImageBuffer(CVImageBuffer imageBuffer)
{
if (!(imageBuffer is CVPixelBuffer pixelBuffer)) return null;
var ciImage = CIImage.FromImageBuffer(pixelBuffer);
var temporaryContext = new CIContext();
var rect = CGRect.FromLTRB(0, 0, pixelBuffer.Width, pixelBuffer.Height);
CGImage cgImage = temporaryContext.CreateCGImage(ciImage, rect);
if (cgImage == null) return null;
var uiImage = UIImage.FromImage(cgImage);
cgImage.Dispose();
return uiImage;
}
最后但并非最不重要的一点是我用于调试输出的小功能，请根据需要随意拉皮条；-)
private void SendDebugMessage(string msg)
{
Debug.WriteLine($"VideoDecoder (iOS) - {msg}");
}
最后，让我们看看上面代码使用的命名空间：
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using AvcLibrary;
using CoreFoundation;
using CoreGraphics;
using CoreImage;
using CoreMedia;
using CoreVideo;
using Foundation;
using UIKit;
using VideoToolbox;
using Xamarin.Forms;
CMVideoFormatDescriptionCreateFromH264ParameterSets@Livy 在添加以下内容之前删除内存泄漏：
if (_formatDesc) {
CFRelease(_formatDesc);
_formatDesc = NULL;
}