如何找到每个系数的 p 值（显着性）？
lm = sklearn.linear_model.LinearRegression()
lm.fit(x,y)
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9 回答
245
这有点矫枉过正，但让我们试一试。首先让我们使用 statsmodel 找出 p 值应该是什么
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from sklearn import datasets, linear_model
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
import statsmodels.api as sm
from scipy import stats
diabetes = datasets.load_diabetes()
X = diabetes.data
y = diabetes.target
X2 = sm.add_constant(X)
est = sm.OLS(y, X2)
est2 = est.fit()
print(est2.summary())
我们得到
OLS Regression Results
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: y R-squared: 0.518
Model: OLS Adj. R-squared: 0.507
Method: Least Squares F-statistic: 46.27
Date: Wed, 08 Mar 2017 Prob (F-statistic): 3.83e-62
Time: 10:08:24 Log-Likelihood: -2386.0
No. Observations: 442 AIC: 4794.
Df Residuals: 431 BIC: 4839.
Df Model: 10
Covariance Type: nonrobust
==============================================================================
coef std err t P>|t| [0.025 0.975]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const 152.1335 2.576 59.061 0.000 147.071 157.196
x1 -10.0122 59.749 -0.168 0.867 -127.448 107.424
x2 -239.8191 61.222 -3.917 0.000 -360.151 -119.488
x3 519.8398 66.534 7.813 0.000 389.069 650.610
x4 324.3904 65.422 4.958 0.000 195.805 452.976
x5 -792.1842 416.684 -1.901 0.058 -1611.169 26.801
x6 476.7458 339.035 1.406 0.160 -189.621 1143.113
x7 101.0446 212.533 0.475 0.635 -316.685 518.774
x8 177.0642 161.476 1.097 0.273 -140.313 494.442
x9 751.2793 171.902 4.370 0.000 413.409 1089.150
x10 67.6254 65.984 1.025 0.306 -62.065 197.316
==============================================================================
Omnibus: 1.506 Durbin-Watson: 2.029
Prob(Omnibus): 0.471 Jarque-Bera (JB): 1.404
Skew: 0.017 Prob(JB): 0.496
Kurtosis: 2.726 Cond. No. 227.
==============================================================================
好的，让我们重现这个。这有点矫枉过正，因为我们几乎是在使用矩阵代数重现线性回归分析。但到底是什么。
lm = LinearRegression()
lm.fit(X,y)
params = np.append(lm.intercept_,lm.coef_)
predictions = lm.predict(X)
newX = pd.DataFrame({"Constant":np.ones(len(X))}).join(pd.DataFrame(X))
MSE = (sum((y-predictions)**2))/(len(newX)-len(newX.columns))
# Note if you don't want to use a DataFrame replace the two lines above with
# newX = np.append(np.ones((len(X),1)), X, axis=1)
# MSE = (sum((y-predictions)**2))/(len(newX)-len(newX[0]))
var_b = MSE*(np.linalg.inv(np.dot(newX.T,newX)).diagonal())
sd_b = np.sqrt(var_b)
ts_b = params/ sd_b
p_values =[2*(1-stats.t.cdf(np.abs(i),(len(newX)-len(newX[0])))) for i in ts_b]
sd_b = np.round(sd_b,3)
ts_b = np.round(ts_b,3)
p_values = np.round(p_values,3)
params = np.round(params,4)
myDF3 = pd.DataFrame()
myDF3["Coefficients"],myDF3["Standard Errors"],myDF3["t values"],myDF3["Probabilities"] = [params,sd_b,ts_b,p_values]
print(myDF3)
这给了我们。
Coefficients Standard Errors t values Probabilities
0 152.1335 2.576 59.061 0.000
1 -10.0122 59.749 -0.168 0.867
2 -239.8191 61.222 -3.917 0.000
3 519.8398 66.534 7.813 0.000
4 324.3904 65.422 4.958 0.000
5 -792.1842 416.684 -1.901 0.058
6 476.7458 339.035 1.406 0.160
7 101.0446 212.533 0.475 0.635
8 177.0642 161.476 1.097 0.273
9 751.2793 171.902 4.370 0.000
10 67.6254 65.984 1.025 0.306
所以我们可以重现来自 statsmodel 的值。
于 2017-03-08T17:17:57.063 回答
59
scikit-learn 的 LinearRegression 不会计算此信息，但您可以轻松扩展类来执行此操作：
from sklearn import linear_model
from scipy import stats
import numpy as np
class LinearRegression(linear_model.LinearRegression):
"""
LinearRegression class after sklearn's, but calculate t-statistics
and p-values for model coefficients (betas).
Additional attributes available after .fit()
are `t` and `p` which are of the shape (y.shape[1], X.shape[1])
which is (n_features, n_coefs)
This class sets the intercept to 0 by default, since usually we include it
in X.
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
if not "fit_intercept" in kwargs:
kwargs['fit_intercept'] = False
super(LinearRegression, self)\
.__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def fit(self, X, y, n_jobs=1):
self = super(LinearRegression, self).fit(X, y, n_jobs)
sse = np.sum((self.predict(X) - y) ** 2, axis=0) / float(X.shape[0] - X.shape[1])
se = np.array([
np.sqrt(np.diagonal(sse[i] * np.linalg.inv(np.dot(X.T, X))))
for i in range(sse.shape[0])
])
self.t = self.coef_ / se
self.p = 2 * (1 - stats.t.cdf(np.abs(self.t), y.shape[0] - X.shape[1]))
return self
从这里偷来的。
你应该看看statsmodels在 Python 中进行这种统计分析。
于 2015-01-13T17:54:43.480 回答
14
The code in elyase's answer https://stackoverflow.com/a/27928411/4240413 does not actually work. Notice that sse is a scalar, and then it tries to iterate through it. The following code is a modified version. Not amazingly clean, but I think it works more or less.
class LinearRegression(linear_model.LinearRegression):
def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
# *args is the list of arguments that might go into the LinearRegression object
# that we don't know about and don't want to have to deal with. Similarly, **kwargs
# is a dictionary of key words and values that might also need to go into the orginal
# LinearRegression object. We put *args and **kwargs so that we don't have to look
# these up and write them down explicitly here. Nice and easy.
if not "fit_intercept" in kwargs:
kwargs['fit_intercept'] = False
super(LinearRegression,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
# Adding in t-statistics for the coefficients.
def fit(self,x,y):
# This takes in numpy arrays (not matrices). Also assumes you are leaving out the column
# of constants.
# Not totally sure what 'super' does here and why you redefine self...
self = super(LinearRegression, self).fit(x,y)
n, k = x.shape
yHat = np.matrix(self.predict(x)).T
# Change X and Y into numpy matricies. x also has a column of ones added to it.
x = np.hstack((np.ones((n,1)),np.matrix(x)))
y = np.matrix(y).T
# Degrees of freedom.
df = float(n-k-1)
# Sample variance.
sse = np.sum(np.square(yHat - y),axis=0)
self.sampleVariance = sse/df
# Sample variance for x.
self.sampleVarianceX = x.T*x
# Covariance Matrix = [(s^2)(X'X)^-1]^0.5. (sqrtm = matrix square root. ugly)
self.covarianceMatrix = sc.linalg.sqrtm(self.sampleVariance[0,0]*self.sampleVarianceX.I)
# Standard erros for the difference coefficients: the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix.
self.se = self.covarianceMatrix.diagonal()[1:]
# T statistic for each beta.
self.betasTStat = np.zeros(len(self.se))
for i in xrange(len(self.se)):
self.betasTStat[i] = self.coef_[0,i]/self.se[i]
# P-value for each beta. This is a two sided t-test, since the betas can be
# positive or negative.
self.betasPValue = 1 - t.cdf(abs(self.betasTStat),df)
于 2015-01-16T00:46:25.000 回答
14
提取 p 值的一种简单方法是使用 statsmodels 回归：
import statsmodels.api as sm
mod = sm.OLS(Y,X)
fii = mod.fit()
p_values = fii.summary2().tables[1]['P>|t|']
您会得到一系列可以操作的 p 值（例如，通过评估每个 p 值来选择要保留的顺序）：
于 2019-04-08T09:29:35.043 回答
11
在多变量回归的情况下，@JARH的答案可能存在错误。（我没有足够的声誉发表评论。）
在以下行中：
p_values =[2*(1-stats.t.cdf(np.abs(i),(len(newX)-1))) for i in ts_b],
t 值遵循 degree 的卡方分布len(newX)-1，而不是遵循degree的卡方分布len(newX)-len(newX.columns)-1。
所以这应该是：
p_values =[2*(1-stats.t.cdf(np.abs(i),(len(newX)-len(newX.columns)-1))) for i in ts_b]
（有关详细信息，请参阅OLS 回归的 t 值）
于 2018-09-17T14:50:50.077 回答
6
您可以将scipy用于 p 值。此代码来自 scipy 文档。
>>> from scipy import stats >>> import numpy as np >>> x = np.random.random(10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> slope, intercept, r_value, p_value, std_err = stats.linregress(x,y)
于 2017-10-24T13:57:03.547 回答
6
p_value 在 f 个统计量中。如果你想获得价值，只需使用这几行代码：
import statsmodels.api as sm
from scipy import stats
diabetes = datasets.load_diabetes()
X = diabetes.data
y = diabetes.target
X2 = sm.add_constant(X)
est = sm.OLS(y, X2)
print(est.fit().f_pvalue)
于 2018-04-28T14:15:47.477 回答
5
对于单线，您可以使用pingouin.linear_regression函数（免责声明：我是 Pingouin 的创建者），它使用 NumPy 数组或 Pandas DataFrame 与单/多变量回归一起使用，例如：
import pingouin as pg
# Using a Pandas DataFrame `df`:
lm = pg.linear_regression(df[['x', 'z']], df['y'])
# Using a NumPy array:
lm = pg.linear_regression(X, y)
输出是一个数据框，其中包含每个预测变量的 beta 系数、标准误差、T 值、p 值和置信区间，以及拟合的 R^2 和调整后的 R^2。
于 2020-04-28T23:05:21.103 回答
1
稍微了解一下线性回归理论，这里总结了我们需要计算系数估计量（随机变量）的 p 值，以检查它们是否显着（通过拒绝相应的零假设）：
现在，让我们使用以下代码片段计算 p 值：
import numpy as np
# generate some data
np.random.seed(1)
n = 100
X = np.random.random((n,2))
beta = np.array([-1, 2])
noise = np.random.normal(loc=0, scale=2, size=n)
y = X@beta + noise
用 计算上述公式的 p 值scikit-learn：
# use scikit-learn's linear regression model to obtain the coefficient estimates
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
reg = LinearRegression().fit(X, y)
beta_hat = [reg.intercept_] + reg.coef_.tolist()
beta_hat
# [0.18444290873001834, -1.5879784718284842, 2.5252138207251904]
# compute the p-values
from scipy.stats import t
# add ones column
X1 = np.column_stack((np.ones(n), X))
# standard deviation of the noise.
sigma_hat = np.sqrt(np.sum(np.square(y - X1@beta_hat)) / (n - X1.shape[1]))
# estimate the covariance matrix for beta
beta_cov = np.linalg.inv(X1.T@X1)
# the t-test statistic for each variable from the formula from above figure
t_vals = beta_hat / (sigma_hat * np.sqrt(np.diagonal(beta_cov)))
# compute 2-sided p-values.
p_vals = t.sf(np.abs(t_vals), n-X1.shape[1])*2
t_vals
# array([ 0.37424023, -2.36373529, 3.57930174])
p_vals
# array([7.09042437e-01, 2.00854025e-02, 5.40073114e-04])
计算 p 值statsmodels：
import statsmodels.api as sm
X1 = sm.add_constant(X)
model = sm.OLS(y, X2)
model = model.fit()
model.tvalues
# array([ 0.37424023, -2.36373529, 3.57930174])
# compute p-values
t.sf(np.abs(model.tvalues), n-X1.shape[1])*2
# array([7.09042437e-01, 2.00854025e-02, 5.40073114e-04])
model.summary()
从上面可以看出，两种情况下计算的 p 值完全相同。
于 2021-09-07T23:01:56.127 回答