17

有没有办法在python中绘制方向场?

我的尝试是修改http://www.compdigitec.com/labs/files/slopefields.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import math
from subprocess import CalledProcessError, call, check_call

def dy_dx(x, y):
    try:
        # declare your dy/dx here:
        return x**2-x-2
    except ZeroDivisionError:
        return 1000.0

# Adjust window parameters
XMIN = -5.0
XMAX = 5.0
YMIN = -10.0
YMAX = 10.0
XSCL = 0.5
YSCL = 0.5

DISTANCE = 0.1

def main():
    fileobj = open("data.txt", "w")
    for x1 in xrange(int(XMIN / XSCL), int(XMAX / XSCL)):
        for y1 in xrange(int(YMIN / YSCL), int(YMAX / YSCL)):
            x= float(x1 * XSCL)
            y= float(y1 * YSCL)
            slope = dy_dx(x,y)
            dx = math.sqrt( DISTANCE/( 1+math.pow(slope,2) ) )
            dy = slope*dx
            fileobj.write(str(x) + " " + str(y) + " " + str(dx) + " " + str(dy) + "\n")
    fileobj.close()


    try:
        check_call(["gnuplot","-e","set terminal png size 800,600 enhanced font \"Arial,12\"; set xrange [" + str(XMIN) + ":" + str(XMAX) + "]; set yrange [" + str(YMIN) + ":" + str(YMAX) + "]; set output 'output.png'; plot 'data.txt' using 1:2:3:4 with vectors"])
    except (CalledProcessError, OSError):
        print "Error: gnuplot not found on system!"
        exit(1)
    print "Saved image to output.png"
    call(["xdg-open","output.png"])
    return 0

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

然而,我从中得到的最好的形象是。 在此处输入图像描述 如何获得看起来更像第一张图像的输出?另外,如何添加三个实线?

4

3 回答 3

18

您可以将此 matplotlib 代码用作基础。根据您的需要对其进行修改。我已更新代码以显示相同长度的箭头。重要的选项是设置函数的angles选项quiver,以便正确打印从 (x,y) 到 (x+u,y+v) 的箭头(而不是默认的,它只考虑到 (u, v) 计算角度时)。

也可以将轴形式“框”更改为“箭头”。如果您需要更改,请告诉我,我可以添加。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.integrate import odeint
import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()

def vf(x, t):
    dx = np.zeros(2)
    dx[0] = 1.0
    dx[1] = x[0] ** 2 - x[0] - 2.0
    return dx


# Solution curves
t0 = 0.0
tEnd = 10.0

# Vector field
X, Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-5, 5, 20), np.linspace(-10, 10, 20))
U = 1.0
V = X ** 2 - X - 2
# Normalize arrows
N = np.sqrt(U ** 2 + V ** 2)
U = U / N
V = V / N
plt.quiver(X, Y, U, V, angles="xy")

t = np.linspace(t0, tEnd, 100)
for y0 in np.linspace(-5.0, 0.0, 10):
    y_initial = [y0, -10.0]
    y = odeint(vf, y_initial, t)
    plt.plot(y[:, 0], y[:, 1], "-")

plt.xlim([-5, 5])
plt.ylim([-10, 10])
plt.xlabel(r"$x$")
plt.ylabel(r"$y$")

坡度场

于 2013-09-16T16:56:07.990 回答
2

使用 pygame 将其中一个作为业余项目制作时,我获得了很多乐趣。我绘制了每个像素的斜率,使用蓝色阴影表示正面,红色阴影表示负面。黑色是未定义的。这是dy/dx = log(sin(x/y)+cos(y/x))

dy/dx=log(sin(x/y)+cos(y/x)

您可以放大和缩小 - 这里放大了中上部:

如上放大

并单击一个点以绘制通过该点的线:

对你来说也是如此

它只有 440 行代码,所以这里是所有文件的 .zip。我想我会在这里摘录相关的部分。

方程本身作为字符串中的有效 Python 表达式输入,例如"log(sin(x/y)+cos(y/x))". 这就是compiled。此函数在这里绘制颜色字段,其中self.func.eval()给出了dy/dx给定点的 。这里的代码有点复杂,因为我让它分阶段渲染——首先是 32x32 块,然后是 16x16 等——以使其对用户来说更快捷。

def graphcolorfield(self, sqsizes=[32,16,8,4,2,1]):
    su = ScreenUpdater(50)
    lastskip = self.xscreensize
    quitit = False
    for squaresize in sqsizes:
        xsquaresize = squaresize
        ysquaresize = squaresize

        if squaresize == 1:
            self.screen.lock()
        y = 0
        while y <= self.yscreensize:
            x = 0
            skiprow = y%lastskip == 0
            while x <= self.xscreensize:
                if skiprow and x%lastskip==0:
                    x += squaresize
                    continue

                color = (255,255,255)
                try:
                    m = self.func.eval(*self.ct.untranscoord(x, y))
                    if m >= 0:
                        if m < 1:
                            c = 255 * m
                            color = (0, 0, c)
                        else:
                            #c = 255 - 255 * (1.0/m)
                            #color = (c, c, 255)
                            c = 255 - 255 * (1.0/m)
                            color = (c/2.0, c/2.0, 255)

                    else:
                        pm = -m
                        if pm < 1:
                            c = 255 * pm
                            color = (c, 0, 0)
                        else:
                            c = 255 - 255 * (1.0/pm)
                            color = (255, c/2.0, c/2.0)                        
                except:
                    color = (0, 0, 0)

                if squaresize > 1:
                    self.screen.fill(color, (x, y, squaresize, squaresize))
                else:
                    self.screen.set_at((x, y), color)

                if su.update():
                    quitit = True
                    break

                x += xsquaresize

            if quitit:
                break

            y += ysquaresize

        if squaresize == 1:
            self.screen.unlock()
        lastskip = squaresize
        if quitit:
            break

这是通过点绘制一条线的代码:

def _grapheqhelp(self, sx, sy, stepsize, numsteps, color):
    x = sx
    y = sy
    i = 0

    pygame.draw.line(self.screen, color, (x, y), (x, y), 2)
    while i < numsteps:
        lastx = x
        lasty = y

        try:
            m = self.func.eval(x, y)
        except:
            return

        x += stepsize            
        y = y + m * stepsize

        screenx1, screeny1 = self.ct.transcoord(lastx, lasty)
        screenx2, screeny2 = self.ct.transcoord(x, y)

        #print "(%f, %f)-(%f, %f)" % (screenx1, screeny1, screenx2, screeny2)

        try:
            pygame.draw.line(self.screen, color,
                             (screenx1, screeny1),
                             (screenx2, screeny2), 2)
        except:
            return

        i += 1

    stx, sty = self.ct.transcoord(sx, sy)
    pygame.draw.circle(self.screen, color, (int(stx), int(sty)), 3, 0)

它从那一点开始向后和向前运行:

def graphequation(self, sx, sy, stepsize=.01, color=(255, 255, 127)):
    """Graph the differential equation, given the starting point sx and sy, for length
    length using stepsize stepsize."""
    numstepsf = (self.xrange[1] - sx) / stepsize
    numstepsb = (sx - self.xrange[0]) / stepsize

    self._grapheqhelp(sx, sy,  stepsize, numstepsf, color)
    self._grapheqhelp(sx, sy, -stepsize, numstepsb, color)

我从来没有画过实际的线条,因为像素方法看起来太酷了。

于 2013-09-17T05:08:53.263 回答
0

尝试将参数值更改为:

XSCL = .2
YSCL = .2

这些参数确定在轴上采样的点数。


根据您的评论,您还需要绘制推导 dy_dx(x, y) 适用的函数。

目前,您只计算和绘制由函数 dy_dx(x,y) 计算的斜率线。除了斜率之外,您还需要找到(在本例中为 3 个)要绘制的函数。

首先定义一个函数:

def f1_x(x):
    return x**3-x**2-2x;

然后,在您的循环中,您还必须将所需的函数值写入 fileobj 文件。

于 2013-09-16T16:40:48.003 回答