我一直在实现 Brent 的“瞬移海龟”算法的一个变体，通过 N 树映射到所有深度路径，以便比较两种不同数据结构的值，使用我自己的回溯算法来回滚循环而不排除非循环路径与循环路径部分重叠。从各方面来看，我的算法都是正确的（尽管我觉得我应该证明这一点，即使我没有证明任何关于代码的背景），但我今天注意到，当我尝试运行 1000000 次相等测试周期时，而不是 -testCount在 1-1024 个节点（由 控制）和maxNodeCount每个节点 2-5 个分支（由nodeSizeRange迅速吃掉了我系统上所有 8 GB 的 RAM，并迅速开始使用大量交换空间，迫使我将其杀死。当我将节点数量减少到 1-512 时，它仍然很快，但不是那么快，开始在我的系统上使用 RAM，直到它看起来达到 6 GB RAM 的最大值（我不确定它会真正使用多少 RAM，因为我把它留在家里运行）。在 1-256 个节点上，它似乎使用了几 GB 的空间，但还不够，我实际上注意到了很多。
问题是，为什么它使用如此大量的 RAM，而它的空间需求应该按 O(n) 扩展，其中 n 是在捕获任何循环之前通过树的最深路径的深度的函数，树中最大循环的大小，以及树中循环起点的数量。我找不到任何明显的地方会在代码中发生空间泄漏行为。我唯一能想到的是布伦特算法本身的性质，以及我为给定的深度路径保留堆栈；海龟之间的增量增加了 2^n 的组合，具有非常深的循环路径和非常大的循环，它们实际上可以循环很长时间，导致大量堆栈在循环被捕获之前被累积。但是由于 Haskell因空间泄漏而臭名昭著，这可能只是正常的空间泄漏，而不是我可能遗漏原因的算法性质的东西。
（编辑；我意识到这不可能是算法，因为海龟深度和海龟尺度之间的关系是这样的，对于给定的海龟深度 d，下一个海龟深度是 ((d + 1) * 2) - 1；例如，在深度1023 下一个海龟深度是 2047。）
这是我的算法代码：
{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards, BangPatterns #-}
module EqualTree (Tree(..),
equal)
where
import Data.Array.IO (IOArray)
import Data.Array.MArray (readArray,
getBounds)
data Tree a = Value a | Node (Node a)
type Node a = IOArray Int (Tree a)
data Frame a = Frame { frameNodes :: !(Node a, Node a),
frameSiblings :: !(Maybe (Siblings a)),
frameTurtle :: !(Turtle a) }
data Siblings a = Siblings { siblingNodes :: !(Node a, Node a),
siblingIndex :: !Int }
data Turtle a = Turtle { turtleDepth :: !Int,
turtleScale :: !Int,
turtleNodes :: !(Node a, Node a) }
data EqState a = EqState { stateFrames :: [Frame a],
stateCycles :: [(Node a, Node a)],
stateDepth :: !Int }
data Unrolled a = Unrolled { unrolledNodes :: !(Node a, Node a),
unrolledState :: !(EqState a),
unrolledSiblings :: !(Maybe (Siblings a)) }
data NodeComparison = EqualNodes | NotEqualNodes | HalfEqualNodes
equal :: Eq a => Tree a -> Tree a -> IO Bool
equal tree0 tree1 =
let state = EqState { stateFrames = [], stateCycles = [], stateDepth = 0 }
in ascend state tree0 tree1 Nothing
ascend :: Eq a => EqState a -> Tree a -> Tree a -> Maybe (Siblings a) -> IO Bool
ascend state (Value value0) (Value value1) siblings =
if value0 == value1
then descend state siblings
else return False
ascend state (Node node0) (Node node1) siblings =
case memberNodes (node0, node1) (stateCycles state) of
EqualNodes -> descend state siblings
HalfEqualNodes -> return False
NotEqualNodes -> do
(_, bound0) <- getBounds node0
(_, bound1) <- getBounds node1
if bound0 == bound1
then
let turtleNodes = currentTurtleNodes state
state' = state { stateFrames =
newFrame state node0 node1 siblings :
stateFrames state,
stateDepth = (stateDepth state) + 1 }
checkDepth = nextTurtleDepth state'
in case turtleNodes of
Just turtleNodes' ->
case equalNodes (node0, node1) turtleNodes' of
EqualNodes -> beginRecovery state node0 node1 siblings
HalfEqualNodes -> return False
NotEqualNodes -> ascendFirst state' node0 node1
Nothing -> ascendFirst state' node0 node1
else return False
ascend _ _ _ _ = return False
ascendFirst :: Eq a => EqState a -> Node a -> Node a -> IO Bool
ascendFirst state node0 node1 = do
(_, bound) <- getBounds node0
tree0 <- readArray node0 0
tree1 <- readArray node1 0
if bound > 0
then let siblings = Siblings { siblingNodes = (node0, node1),
siblingIndex = 1 }
in ascend state tree0 tree1 (Just siblings)
else ascend state tree0 tree1 Nothing
descend :: Eq a => EqState a -> Maybe (Siblings a) -> IO Bool
descend state Nothing =
case stateFrames state of
[] -> return True
frame : rest ->
let state' = state { stateFrames = rest,
stateDepth = stateDepth state - 1 }
in descend state' (frameSiblings frame)
descend state (Just Siblings{..}) = do
let (node0, node1) = siblingNodes
(_, bound) <- getBounds node0
tree0 <- readArray node0 siblingIndex
tree1 <- readArray node1 siblingIndex
if siblingIndex < bound
then let siblings' = Siblings { siblingNodes = (node0, node1),
siblingIndex = siblingIndex + 1 }
in ascend state tree0 tree1 (Just siblings')
else ascend state tree0 tree1 Nothing
beginRecovery :: Eq a => EqState a -> Node a -> Node a -> Maybe (Siblings a)
-> IO Bool
beginRecovery state node0 node1 siblings =
let turtle = case stateFrames state of
[] -> error "must have first frame in stack"
frame : _ -> frameTurtle frame
distance = (stateDepth state + 1) - turtleDepth turtle
unrolledFrame = Unrolled { unrolledNodes = (node0, node1),
unrolledState = state,
unrolledSiblings = siblings }
in unrolledFrame `seq` unrollCycle state [unrolledFrame] (distance - 1)
unrollCycle :: Eq a => EqState a -> [Unrolled a] -> Int -> IO Bool
unrollCycle state unrolled !count
| count <= 0 = findCycleStart state unrolled
| otherwise =
case stateFrames state of
[] -> error "frame must be found"
frame : rest ->
let state' = state { stateFrames = rest,
stateDepth = stateDepth state - 1 }
unrolledFrame =
Unrolled { unrolledNodes = frameNodes frame,
unrolledState = state',
unrolledSiblings = frameSiblings frame }
in unrolledFrame `seq`
unrollCycle state' (unrolledFrame : unrolled) (count - 1)
findCycleStart :: Eq a => EqState a -> [Unrolled a] -> IO Bool
findCycleStart state unrolled =
case stateFrames state of
[] ->
return True
frame : [] ->
case memberUnrolled (frameNodes frame) unrolled of
(NotEqualNodes, _) -> error "node not in nodes unrolled"
(HalfEqualNodes, _) -> return False
(EqualNodes, Just (state, siblings)) ->
let state' =
state { stateCycles = frameNodes frame : stateCycles state }
in state' `seq` descend state' siblings
frame : rest@(prevFrame : _) ->
case memberUnrolled (frameNodes prevFrame) unrolled of
(EqualNodes, _) ->
let state' = state { stateFrames = rest,
stateDepth = stateDepth state - 1 }
unrolledFrame =
Unrolled { unrolledNodes = frameNodes frame,
unrolledState = state',
unrolledSiblings = frameSiblings frame }
unrolled' = updateUnrolled unrolledFrame unrolled
in unrolledFrame `seq` findCycleStart state' unrolled'
(HalfEqualNodes, _) -> return False
(NotEqualNodes, _) ->
case memberUnrolled (frameNodes frame) unrolled of
(NotEqualNodes, _) -> error "node not in nodes unrolled"
(HalfEqualNodes, _) -> return False
(EqualNodes, Just (state, siblings)) ->
let state' =
state { stateCycles = frameNodes frame : stateCycles state }
in state' `seq` descend state' siblings
updateUnrolled :: Unrolled a -> [Unrolled a] -> [Unrolled a]
updateUnrolled _ [] = []
updateUnrolled unrolled0 (unrolled1 : rest) =
case equalNodes (unrolledNodes unrolled0) (unrolledNodes unrolled1) of
EqualNodes -> unrolled0 : rest
NotEqualNodes -> unrolled1 : updateUnrolled unrolled0 rest
HalfEqualNodes -> error "this should not be possible"
memberUnrolled :: (Node a, Node a) -> [Unrolled a] ->
(NodeComparison, Maybe (EqState a, Maybe (Siblings a)))
memberUnrolled _ [] = (NotEqualNodes, Nothing)
memberUnrolled nodes (Unrolled{..} : rest) =
case equalNodes nodes unrolledNodes of
EqualNodes -> (EqualNodes, Just (unrolledState, unrolledSiblings))
HalfEqualNodes -> (HalfEqualNodes, Nothing)
NotEqualNodes -> memberUnrolled nodes rest
newFrame :: EqState a -> Node a -> Node a -> Maybe (Siblings a) -> Frame a
newFrame state node0 node1 siblings =
let turtle =
if (stateDepth state + 1) == nextTurtleDepth state
then Turtle { turtleDepth = stateDepth state + 1,
turtleScale = currentTurtleScale state * 2,
turtleNodes = (node0, node1) }
else case stateFrames state of
[] -> Turtle { turtleDepth = 1, turtleScale = 2,
turtleNodes = (node0, node1) }
frame : _ -> frameTurtle frame
in Frame { frameNodes = (node0, node1),
frameSiblings = siblings,
frameTurtle = turtle }
memberNodes :: (Node a, Node a) -> [(Node a, Node a)] -> NodeComparison
memberNodes _ [] = NotEqualNodes
memberNodes nodes0 (nodes1 : rest) =
case equalNodes nodes0 nodes1 of
NotEqualNodes -> memberNodes nodes0 rest
HalfEqualNodes -> HalfEqualNodes
EqualNodes -> EqualNodes
equalNodes :: (Node a, Node a) -> (Node a, Node a) -> NodeComparison
equalNodes (node0, node1) (node2, node3) =
if node0 == node2
then if node1 == node3
then EqualNodes
else HalfEqualNodes
else if node1 == node3
then HalfEqualNodes
else NotEqualNodes
currentTurtleNodes :: EqState a -> Maybe (Node a, Node a)
currentTurtleNodes state =
case stateFrames state of
[] -> Nothing
frame : _ -> Just . turtleNodes . frameTurtle $ frame
currentTurtleScale :: EqState a -> Int
currentTurtleScale state =
case stateFrames state of
[] -> 1
frame : _ -> turtleScale $ frameTurtle frame
nextTurtleDepth :: EqState a -> Int
nextTurtleDepth state =
case stateFrames state of
[] -> 1
frame : _ -> let turtle = frameTurtle frame
in turtleDepth turtle + turtleScale turtle
这是测试程序使用的算法的简单版本。
{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
module NaiveEqualTree (Tree(..),
naiveEqual)
where
import Data.Array.IO (IOArray)
import Data.Array.MArray (readArray,
getBounds)
import EqualTree (Tree(..),
Node)
data Frame a = Frame { frameNodes :: !(Node a, Node a),
frameSiblings :: !(Maybe (Siblings a)) }
data Siblings a = Siblings { siblingNodes :: !(Node a, Node a),
siblingIndex :: !Int }
data NodeComparison = EqualNodes | NotEqualNodes | HalfEqualNodes
naiveEqual :: Eq a => Tree a -> Tree a -> IO Bool
naiveEqual tree0 tree1 = ascend [] tree0 tree1 Nothing
ascend :: Eq a => [Frame a] -> Tree a -> Tree a -> Maybe (Siblings a) -> IO Bool
ascend state (Value value0) (Value value1) siblings =
if value0 == value1
then descend state siblings
else return False
ascend state (Node node0) (Node node1) siblings =
case testNodes (node0, node1) state of
EqualNodes -> descend state siblings
HalfEqualNodes -> return False
NotEqualNodes -> do
(_, bound0) <- getBounds node0
(_, bound1) <- getBounds node1
if bound0 == bound1
then do
let frame = Frame { frameNodes = (node0, node1),
frameSiblings = siblings }
state' = frame : state
tree0 <- readArray node0 0
tree1 <- readArray node1 0
if bound0 > 0
then let siblings = Siblings { siblingNodes = (node0, node1),
siblingIndex = 1 }
in frame `seq` ascend state' tree0 tree1 (Just siblings)
else frame `seq` ascend state' tree0 tree1 Nothing
else return False
ascend _ _ _ _ = return False
descend :: Eq a => [Frame a] -> Maybe (Siblings a) -> IO Bool
descend state Nothing =
case state of
[] -> return True
frame : rest -> descend rest (frameSiblings frame)
descend state (Just Siblings{..}) = do
let (node0, node1) = siblingNodes
(_, bound) <- getBounds node0
tree0 <- readArray node0 siblingIndex
tree1 <- readArray node1 siblingIndex
if siblingIndex < bound
then let siblings' = Siblings { siblingNodes = (node0, node1),
siblingIndex = siblingIndex + 1 }
in ascend state tree0 tree1 (Just siblings')
else ascend state tree0 tree1 Nothing
testNodes :: (Node a, Node a) -> [Frame a] -> NodeComparison
testNodes _ [] = NotEqualNodes
testNodes nodes (frame : rest) =
case equalNodes nodes (frameNodes frame) of
NotEqualNodes -> testNodes nodes rest
HalfEqualNodes -> HalfEqualNodes
EqualNodes -> EqualNodes
equalNodes :: (Node a, Node a) -> (Node a, Node a) -> NodeComparison
equalNodes (node0, node1) (node2, node3) =
if node0 == node2
then if node1 == node3
then EqualNodes
else HalfEqualNodes
else if node1 == node3
then HalfEqualNodes
else NotEqualNodes
这是测试程序的代码。请注意，这在不等于测试中偶尔会失败，因为它旨在生成具有显着共性程度的节点集，由maxCommonPortion.
{-# LANGUAGE TupleSections #-}
module Main where
import Data.Array (Array,
listArray,
bounds,
(!))
import Data.Array.IO (IOArray)
import Data.Array.MArray (writeArray,
newArray_)
import Control.Monad (forM_,
mapM,
mapM_,
liftM,
foldM)
import Control.Exception (SomeException,
catch)
import System.Random (StdGen,
newStdGen,
random,
randomR,
split)
import Prelude hiding (catch)
import EqualTree (Tree(..),
equal)
import NaiveEqualTree (naiveEqual)
leafChance :: Double
leafChance = 0.5
valueCount :: Int
valueCount = 1
maxNodeCount :: Int
maxNodeCount = 1024
commonPortionRange :: (Double, Double)
commonPortionRange = (0.8, 0.9)
commonRootChance :: Double
commonRootChance = 0.5
nodeSizeRange :: (Int, Int)
nodeSizeRange = (2, 5)
testCount :: Int
testCount = 1000
makeMapping :: Int -> (Int, Int) -> Int -> StdGen ->
([Either Int Int], StdGen)
makeMapping values range nodes gen =
let (count, gen') = randomR range gen
in makeMapping' 0 [] count gen'
where makeMapping' index mapping count gen
| index >= count = (mapping, gen)
| otherwise =
let (chance, gen0) = random gen
(slot, gen2) =
if chance <= leafChance
then let (value, gen1) = randomR (0, values - 1) gen0
in (Left value, gen1)
else let (nodeIndex, gen1) = randomR (0, nodes - 1) gen0
in (Right nodeIndex, gen1)
in makeMapping' (index + 1) (slot : mapping) count gen2
makeMappings :: Int -> Int -> (Int, Int) -> StdGen ->
([[Either Int Int]], StdGen)
makeMappings size values range gen =
let (size', gen') = randomR (1, size) gen
in makeMappings' 0 size' [] gen'
where makeMappings' index size mappings gen
| index >= size = (mappings, gen)
| otherwise =
let (mapping, gen') = makeMapping values range size gen
in makeMappings' (index + 1) size (mapping : mappings) gen'
makeMappingsPair :: Int -> (Double, Double) -> Int -> (Int, Int) -> StdGen ->
([[Either Int Int]], [[Either Int Int]], StdGen)
makeMappingsPair size commonPortionRange values range gen =
let (size', gen0) = randomR (2, size) gen
(commonPortion, gen1) = randomR commonPortionRange gen0
size0 = 1 + (floor $ fromIntegral size' * commonPortion)
size1 = size' - size0
(mappings, gen2) = makeMappingsPair' 0 size0 size' [] gen1
(mappings0, gen3) = makeMappingsPair' 0 size1 size' [] gen2
(mappings1, gen4) = makeMappingsPair' 0 size1 size' [] gen3
(commonRootValue, gen5) = random gen4
in if commonRootValue < commonRootChance
then (mappings ++ mappings0, mappings ++ mappings1, gen5)
else (mappings0 ++ mappings, mappings1 ++ mappings, gen5)
where makeMappingsPair' index size size' mappings gen
| index >= size = (mappings, gen)
| otherwise =
let (mapping, gen') = makeMapping values range size' gen
in makeMappingsPair' (index + 1) size size' (mapping : mappings)
gen'
populateNode :: IOArray Int (Tree a) -> Array Int (IOArray Int (Tree a)) ->
[Either a Int] -> IO ()
populateNode node nodes mapping =
mapM_ (uncurry populateSlot) (zip [0..] mapping)
where populateSlot index (Left value) =
writeArray node index $ Value value
populateSlot index (Right nodeIndex) =
writeArray node index . Node $ nodes ! nodeIndex
makeTree :: [[Either a Int]] -> IO (Tree a)
makeTree mappings = do
let size = length mappings
nodes <- liftM (listArray (0, size - 1)) $ mapM makeNode mappings
mapM_ (\(index, mapping) -> populateNode (nodes ! index) nodes mapping)
(zip [0..] mappings)
return . Node $ nodes ! 0
where makeNode mapping = newArray_ (0, length mapping - 1)
testEqual :: StdGen -> IO (Bool, StdGen)
testEqual gen = do
let (mappings, gen0) =
makeMappings maxNodeCount valueCount nodeSizeRange gen
tree0 <- makeTree mappings
tree1 <- makeTree mappings
catch (liftM (, gen0) $ equal tree0 tree1) $ \e -> do
putStrLn $ show (e :: SomeException)
return (False, gen0)
testNotEqual :: StdGen -> IO (Bool, Bool, StdGen)
testNotEqual gen = do
let (mappings0, mappings1, gen0) =
makeMappingsPair maxNodeCount commonPortionRange valueCount
nodeSizeRange gen
tree0 <- makeTree mappings0
tree1 <- makeTree mappings1
test <- naiveEqual tree0 tree1
if not test
then
catch (testNotEqual' tree0 tree1 mappings0 mappings1 gen0) $ \e -> do
putStrLn $ show (e :: SomeException)
return (False, False, gen0)
else return (True, True, gen0)
where testNotEqual' tree0 tree1 mappings0 mappings1 gen0 = do
test <- equal tree0 tree1
if test
then do
putStrLn "Match failure: "
putStrLn "Mappings 0: "
mapM (putStrLn . show) $ zip [0..] mappings0
putStrLn "Mappings 1: "
mapM (putStrLn . show) $ zip [0..] mappings1
return (False, False, gen0)
else return (True, False, gen0)
doTestEqual :: (StdGen, Int) -> Int -> IO (StdGen, Int)
doTestEqual (gen, successCount) _ = do
(success, gen') <- testEqual gen
return (gen', successCount + (if success then 1 else 0))
doTestNotEqual :: (StdGen, Int, Int) -> Int -> IO (StdGen, Int, Int)
doTestNotEqual (gen, successCount, excludeCount) _ = do
(success, exclude, gen') <- testNotEqual gen
return (gen', successCount + (if success then 1 else 0),
excludeCount + (if exclude then 1 else 0))
main :: IO ()
main = do
gen <- newStdGen
(gen0, equalSuccessCount) <- foldM doTestEqual (gen, 0) [1..testCount]
putStrLn $ show equalSuccessCount ++ " out of " ++ show testCount ++
" tests for equality passed"
(_, notEqualSuccessCount, excludeCount) <-
foldM doTestNotEqual (gen0, 0, 0) [1..testCount]
putStrLn $ show notEqualSuccessCount ++ " out of " ++ show testCount ++
" tests for inequality passed (with " ++ show excludeCount ++ " excluded)"