我敢肯定这已经被回答过,但我找不到一个很好的解释。
我正在编写一个图形程序,其中管道的一部分将体素数据复制到 OpenCL 页面锁定(固定)内存。我发现这个复制过程是一个瓶颈,并对一个简单的std::copy
. 数据是浮动的,我要复制的每个数据块的大小约为 64 MB。
这是我的原始代码,在任何基准测试之前:
std::copy(data, data+numVoxels, pinnedPointer_[_index]);
其中data
是浮点指针,numVoxels
是无符号整数,并且pinnedPointer_[_index]
是引用固定 OpenCL 缓冲区的浮点指针。
由于我的性能很慢,我决定尝试复制较小部分的数据,看看我得到了什么样的带宽。我使用 boost::cpu_timer 进行计时。我已经尝试运行了一段时间,平均运行了几百次,得到了类似的结果。以下是相关代码以及结果:
boost::timer::cpu_timer t;
unsigned int testNum = numVoxels;
while (testNum > 2) {
t.start();
std::copy(data, data+testNum, pinnedPointer_[_index]);
t.stop();
boost::timer::cpu_times result = t.elapsed();
double time = (double)result.wall / 1.0e9 ;
int size = testNum*sizeof(float);
double GB = (double)size / 1073741842.0;
// Print results
testNum /= 2;
}
Copied 67108864 bytes in 0.032683s, 1.912315 GB/s
Copied 33554432 bytes in 0.017193s, 1.817568 GB/s
Copied 16777216 bytes in 0.008586s, 1.819749 GB/s
Copied 8388608 bytes in 0.004227s, 1.848218 GB/s
Copied 4194304 bytes in 0.001886s, 2.071705 GB/s
Copied 2097152 bytes in 0.000819s, 2.383543 GB/s
Copied 1048576 bytes in 0.000290s, 3.366923 GB/s
Copied 524288 bytes in 0.000063s, 7.776913 GB/s
Copied 262144 bytes in 0.000016s, 15.741867 GB/s
Copied 131072 bytes in 0.000008s, 15.213149 GB/s
Copied 65536 bytes in 0.000004s, 14.374742 GB/s
Copied 32768 bytes in 0.000003s, 10.209962 GB/s
Copied 16384 bytes in 0.000001s, 10.344942 GB/s
Copied 8192 bytes in 0.000001s, 6.476566 GB/s
Copied 4096 bytes in 0.000001s, 4.999603 GB/s
Copied 2048 bytes in 0.000001s, 1.592111 GB/s
Copied 1024 bytes in 0.000001s, 1.600125 GB/s
Copied 512 bytes in 0.000001s, 0.843960 GB/s
Copied 256 bytes in 0.000001s, 0.210990 GB/s
Copied 128 bytes in 0.000001s, 0.098439 GB/s
Copied 64 bytes in 0.000001s, 0.049795 GB/s
Copied 32 bytes in 0.000001s, 0.049837 GB/s
Copied 16 bytes in 0.000001s, 0.023728 GB/s
在复制 65536-262144 字节的块时有一个明显的带宽峰值,并且带宽比复制整个阵列高得多(15 对 2 GB/s)。
知道了这一点,我决定尝试另一件事并复制整个数组,但使用重复调用来std::copy
处理每个调用只处理数组的一部分。尝试不同的块大小,这些是我的结果:
unsigned int testNum = numVoxels;
unsigned int parts = 1;
while (sizeof(float)*testNum > 256) {
t.start();
for (unsigned int i=0; i<parts; ++i) {
std::copy(data+i*testNum,
data+(i+1)*testNum,
pinnedPointer_[_index]+i*testNum);
}
t.stop();
boost::timer::cpu_times result = t.elapsed();
double time = (double)result.wall / 1.0e9;
int size = testNum*sizeof(float);
double GB = parts*(double)size / 1073741824.0;
// Print results
parts *= 2;
testNum /= 2;
}
Part size 67108864 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0331298s, 1.88652 GB/s
Part size 33554432 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0339876s, 1.83891 GB/s
Part size 16777216 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0342558s, 1.82451 GB/s
Part size 8388608 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0334264s, 1.86978 GB/s
Part size 4194304 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0287896s, 2.17092 GB/s
Part size 2097152 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0289941s, 2.15561 GB/s
Part size 1048576 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0240215s, 2.60184 GB/s
Part size 524288 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0184499s, 3.38756 GB/s
Part size 262144 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0186002s, 3.36018 GB/s
Part size 131072 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0185958s, 3.36097 GB/s
Part size 65536 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0185735s, 3.365 GB/s
Part size 32768 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0186523s, 3.35079 GB/s
Part size 16384 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0187756s, 3.32879 GB/s
Part size 8192 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0182212s, 3.43007 GB/s
Part size 4096 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.01825s, 3.42465 GB/s
Part size 2048 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0181881s, 3.43631 GB/s
Part size 1024 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0180842s, 3.45605 GB/s
Part size 512 bytes, copied 0.0625 GB in 0.0186669s, 3.34817 GB/s
似乎减小块大小实际上具有显着效果,但我仍然无法接近 15 GB/s。
我运行 64 位 Ubuntu,GCC 优化没有太大区别。
- 为什么数组大小会以这种方式影响带宽?
- OpenCL 固定内存是否起作用?
- 优化大数组副本的策略是什么?