我想要一个命令(或者可能是 cp 的一个选项)来创建目标目录(如果它不存在)。
例子:
cp -? file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there
mkdir -p "$d" && cp file "$d"
(没有这样的选项cp
)。
如果以下两个都为真:
cp
(而不是例如 Mac 版本),并且那么您可以--parents
使用cp
. 从信息页面(可在http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/cp-invocation.html#cp-invocation或使用info cp
or中查看man cp
):
--parents Form the name of each destination file by appending to the target directory a slash and the specified name of the source file. The last argument given to `cp' must be the name of an existing directory. For example, the command: cp --parents a/b/c existing_dir copies the file `a/b/c' to `existing_dir/a/b/c', creating any missing intermediate directories.
例子:
/tmp $ mkdir foo
/tmp $ mkdir foo/foo
/tmp $ touch foo/foo/foo.txt
/tmp $ mkdir bar
/tmp $ cp --parents foo/foo/foo.txt bar
/tmp $ ls bar/foo/foo
foo.txt
要复制myfile.txt
到/foo/bar/myfile.txt
,请使用:
mkdir -p /foo/bar && cp myfile.txt $_
这有几个组件,所以我将逐步介绍所有语法。
POSIX 标准中指定的mkdir实用程序创建目录。根据文档,该参数将导致mkdir-p
创建任何缺少的中间路径名组件
这意味着调用时mkdir -p /foo/bar
,mkdir将创建/foo
, /foo/bar
如果/foo
不存在。(没有-p
,它将引发错误。
&&
列表运算符,如POSIX标准(或Bash 手册,如果您愿意)中所述,cp myfile.txt $_
只有在成功执行时才会执行mkdir -p /foo/bar
。这意味着如果由于可能失败的众多原因之一而失败,该cp
命令将不会尝试执行。mkdir
最后,$_
我们作为第二个参数传递给的cp
是一个“特殊参数”,它可以方便地避免重复长参数(如文件路径),而无需将它们存储在变量中。根据Bash 手册,它:
展开到前一个命令的最后一个参数
在这种情况下,这就是/foo/bar
我们传递给mkdir
. 所以cp
命令扩展为cp myfile.txt /foo/bar
,它复制myfile.txt
到新创建的/foo/bar
目录中。
请注意,这不是$_
POSIX标准的一部分,因此理论上 Unix 变体可能具有不支持此构造的 shell。但是,我不知道有任何现代 shell 不支持; 当然 Bash、Dash 和 zsh 都可以。$_
最后一点:我在此答案开头给出的命令假定您的目录名称中没有空格。如果您正在处理带有空格的名称,则需要引用它们以便不同的单词不被视为与mkdir
or不同的参数cp
。所以你的命令实际上看起来像:
mkdir -p "/my directory/name with/spaces" && cp "my filename with spaces.txt" "$_"
这么老的问题,但也许我可以提出一个替代解决方案。
您可以使用该install
程序复制文件并“即时”创建目标路径。
install -D file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there/file
但是,有一些方面需要考虑:
-m
您可以通过添加对目标文件设置权限的选项轻松修改#2 (例如:-m 664
将使用权限创建目标文件rw-rw-r--
,就像使用创建新文件一样touch
)。
这是我受到启发的答案的无耻链接=)
执行您想要的操作的 Shell 函数,称其为“埋葬”副本,因为它为文件挖掘了一个洞:
bury_copy() { mkdir -p `dirname $2` && cp "$1" "$2"; }
这是一种方法:
mkdir -p `dirname /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there` \
&& cp -r file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there
dirname
将为您提供目标目录或文件的父级。然后 mkdir -p `dirname ...` 将创建该目录,以确保在您调用 cp -r 时正确的基本目录就位。
与 --parents 相比,它的优势在于它适用于目标路径中的最后一个元素是文件名的情况。
它可以在 OS X 上运行。
install -D file -m 644 -t /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there
出于对上述答案的尊重,我更喜欢使用 rsync 如下:
$ rsync -a directory_name /path_where_to_inject_your_directory/
例子:
$ rsync -a test /usr/local/lib/
只是为了恢复并在一行中提供完整的工作解决方案。如果你想重命名你的文件要小心,你应该包括一种方法来为 mkdir 提供一个干净的 dir 路径。$fdst 可以是文件或目录。下一个代码应该在任何情况下都可以工作。
fsrc=/tmp/myfile.unk
fdst=/tmp/dir1/dir2/dir3/myfile.txt
mkdir -p $(dirname ${fdst}) && cp -p ${fsrc} ${fdst}
或特定于 bash
fsrc=/tmp/myfile.unk
fdst=/tmp/dir1/dir2/dir3/myfile.txt
mkdir -p ${fdst%/*} && cp -p ${fsrc} ${fdst}
正如上面 help_asap 和海绵人所建议的那样,您可以使用“安装”命令将文件复制到现有目录或创建新的目标目录(如果它们尚不存在)。
选项 1
install -D filename some/deep/directory/filename
将文件复制到新目录或现有目录,并赋予文件名默认 755 权限
选项 2
install -D filename -m640 some/deep/directory/filename
与选项 1 相同,但提供文件名 640 权限。
选项 3
install -D filename -m640 -t some/deep/directory/
根据选项 2,但将文件名定位到目标目录,因此文件名不需要同时写入源和目标。
选项 4
install -D filena* -m640 -t some/deep/directory/
与选项 3 相同,但对多个文件使用通配符。
它在 Ubuntu 中运行良好,并将两个步骤(创建目录然后复制文件)合并为一个步骤。
只需在您的 .bashrc 中添加以下内容,如果需要,请进行调整。在 Ubuntu 中工作。
mkcp() {
test -d "$2" || mkdir -p "$2"
cp -r "$1" "$2"
}
例如,如果您想将 'test' 文件复制到目标目录 'd' 使用,
mkcp test a/b/c/d
mkcp将首先检查目标目录是否存在,如果不存在则创建并复制源文件/目录。
这对我有用
cp -vaR ./from ./to
cp
有多种用途:
$ cp --help
Usage: cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
or: cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
@AndyRoss 的回答适用于
cp SOURCE DEST
的风格cp
,但如果你使用
cp SOURCE... DIRECTORY/
的风格cp
。
我认为“DEST”在这种用法中没有尾随斜杠是模棱两可的(即目标目录尚不存在的地方),这也许就是为什么cp
从未为此添加选项的原因。
所以这是我的这个函数的版本,它在 dest 目录上强制使用斜杠:
cp-p() {
last=${@: -1}
if [[ $# -ge 2 && "$last" == */ ]] ; then
# cp SOURCE... DEST/
mkdir -p "$last" && cp "$@"
else
echo "cp-p: (copy, creating parent dirs)"
echo "cp-p: Usage: cp-p SOURCE... DEST/"
fi
}
我为 cp 编写了一个支持脚本,称为 CP(注意大写字母),旨在完成此操作。脚本将检查您输入的路径中的错误(除了作为目标的最后一个路径),如果一切正常,它将执行 mkdir -p 步骤以在开始复制之前创建目标路径。此时,常规 cp 实用程序将接管,并且您与 CP 一起使用的任何开关(如 -r、-p、-rpL 都直接通过管道传输到 cp)。在使用我的脚本之前,您需要了解一些事项。
CP 没有从现有路径中获取线索的奢侈,因此它必须有一些非常坚定的行为模式。CP 假设您正在复制的项目被放置在目标路径中,而不是目标本身(也就是源文件/文件夹的重命名副本)。意义:
可以使用“--rename”开关更改此默认 CP 行为。在这种情况下,假设
几点结束说明:与 cp 一样,CP 可以一次复制多个项目,并将列出的最后一个路径假定为目标。只要您使用引号,它也可以处理带有空格的路径。
CP 将检查您输入的路径并确保它们在复制之前存在。在严格模式下(可通过 --strict 开关获得),所有被复制的文件/文件夹必须存在,否则不会发生复制。在放松模式 (--relaxed) 中,如果您列出的至少一项存在,则复制将继续。放松模式是默认模式,您可以通过开关临时更改模式,也可以通过在脚本开头设置变量 easy_going 来永久更改模式。
以下是它的安装方法:
在非 root 终端中,执行以下操作:
sudo echo > /usr/bin/CP; sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/CP; sudo touch /usr/bin/CP
gedit admin:///usr/bin/CP
在 gedit 中,粘贴 CP 实用程序并保存:
#!/bin/bash
#Regular cp works with the assumption that the destination path exists and if it doesn't, it will verify that it's parent directory does.
#eg: cp /a/b /c/d will give /c/d/b if folder path /c/d already exists but will give /c/d (where d is renamed copy of b) if /c/d doesn't exists but /c does.
#CP works differently, provided that d in /c/d isn't an existing file, it assumes that you're copying item into a folder path called /c/d and will create it if it doesn't exist. so CP /a/b /c/d will always give /c/d/b unless d is an existing file. If you put the --rename switch, it will assume that you're copying into /c and renaming the singl item you're copying from b to d at the destination. Again, if /c doesn't exist, it will be created. So CP --rename /a/b /c/d will give a /c/d and if there already a folder called /c/d, contents of b will be merged into d.
#cp+ $source $destination
#mkdir -p /foo/bar && cp myfile "$_"
err=0 # error count
i=0 #item counter, doesn't include destination (starts at 1, ex. item1, item2 etc)
m=0 #cp switch counter (starts at 1, switch 1, switch2, etc)
n=1 # argument counter (aka the arguments inputed into script, those include both switches and items, aka: $1 $2 $3 $4 $5)
count_s=0
count_i=0
easy_going=true #determines how you deal with bad pathes in your copy, true will allow copy to continue provided one of the items being copied exists, false will exit script for one bad path. this setting can also be changed via the custom switches: --strict and --not-strict
verbal="-v"
help="===============================================================================\
\n CREATIVE COPY SCRIPT (CP) -- written by thebunnyrules\
\n===============================================================================\n
\n This script (CP, note capital letters) is intended to supplement \
\n your system's regular cp command (note uncapped letters). \n
\n Script's function is to check if the destination path exists \
\n before starting the copy. If it doesn't it will be created.\n
\n To make this happen, CP assumes that the item you're copying is \
\n being dropped in the destination path and is not the destination\
\n itself (aka, a renamed copy of the source file/folder). Meaning:\n
\n * \"CP /a/b /c/d\" will result in /c/d/b \
\n * even if you write \"CP /a/b /c/b\", CP will create the path /a/b, \
\n resulting in /c/b/b. \n
\n Of course, if /c/b or /c/d are existing files and /a/b is also a\
\n file, the existing destination file will simply be overwritten. \
\n This behavior can be changed with the \"--rename\" switch. In this\
\n case, it's assumed that \"CP --rename /a/b /c/d\" is copying b into /c \
\n and renaming the copy to d.\n
\n===============================================================================\
\n CP specific help: Switches and their Usages \
\n===============================================================================\n
\
\n --rename\tSee above. Ignored if copying more than one item. \n
\n --quiet\tCP is verbose by default. This quiets it.\n
\n --strict\tIf one+ of your files was not found, CP exits if\
\n\t\tyou use --rename switch with multiple items, CP \
\n\t\texits.\n
\n --relaxed\tIgnores bad paths unless they're all bad but warns\
\n\t\tyou about them. Ignores in-appropriate rename switch\
\n\t\twithout exiting. This is default behavior. You can \
\n\t\tmake strict the default behavior by editing the \
\n\t\tCP script and setting: \n
\n\t\teasy_going=false.\n
\n --help-all\tShows help specific to cp (in addition to CP)."
cp_hlp="\n\nRegular cp command's switches will still work when using CP.\
\nHere is the help out of the original cp command... \
\n\n===============================================================================\
\n cp specific help: \
\n===============================================================================\n"
outro1="\n******************************************************************************\
\n******************************************************************************\
\n******************************************************************************\
\n USE THIS SCRIPT WITH CARE, TYPOS WILL GIVE YOU PROBLEMS...\
\n******************************************************************************\
\n******************************* HIT q TO EXIT ********************************\
\n******************************************************************************"
#count and classify arguments that were inputed into script, output help message if needed
while true; do
eval input="\$$n"
in_=${input::1}
if [ -z "$input" -a $n = 1 ]; then input="--help"; fi
if [ "$input" = "-h" -o "$input" = "--help" -o "$input" = "-?" -o "$input" = "--help-all" ]; then
if [ "$input" = "--help-all" ]; then
echo -e "$help"$cp_hlp > /tmp/cp.hlp
cp --help >> /tmp/cp.hlp
echo -e "$outro1" >> /tmp/cp.hlp
cat /tmp/cp.hlp|less
cat /tmp/cp.hlp
rm /tmp/cp.hlp
else
echo -e "$help" "$outro1"|less
echo -e "$help" "$outro1"
fi
exit
fi
if [ -z "$input" ]; then
count_i=$(expr $count_i - 1 ) # remember, last item is destination and it's not included in cound
break
elif [ "$in_" = "-" ]; then
count_s=$(expr $count_s + 1 )
else
count_i=$(expr $count_i + 1 )
fi
n=$(expr $n + 1)
done
#error condition: no items to copy or no destination
if [ $count_i -lt 0 ]; then
echo "Error: You haven't listed any items for copying. Exiting." # you didn't put any items for copying
elif [ $count_i -lt 1 ]; then
echo "Error: Copying usually involves a destination. Exiting." # you put one item and no destination
fi
#reset the counter and grab content of arguments, aka: switches and item paths
n=1
while true; do
eval input="\$$n" #input=$1,$2,$3,etc...
in_=${input::1} #first letter of $input
if [ "$in_" = "-" ]; then
if [ "$input" = "--rename" ]; then
rename=true #my custom switches
elif [ "$input" = "--strict" ]; then
easy_going=false #exit script if even one of the non-destinations item is not found
elif [ "$input" = "--relaxed" ]; then
easy_going=true #continue script if at least one of the non-destination items is found
elif [ "$input" = "--quiet" ]; then
verbal=""
else
#m=$(expr $m + 1);eval switch$m="$input" #input is a switch, if it's not one of the above, assume it belongs to cp.
switch_list="$switch_list \"$input\""
fi
elif ! [ -z "$input" ]; then #if it's not a switch and input is not empty, it's a path
i=$(expr $i + 1)
if [ ! -f "$input" -a ! -d "$input" -a "$i" -le "$count_i" ]; then
err=$(expr $err + 1 ); error_list="$error_list\npath does not exit: \"b\""
else
if [ "$i" -le "$count_i" ]; then
eval item$i="$input"
item_list="$item_list \"$input\""
else
destination="$input" #destination is last items entered
fi
fi
else
i=0
m=0
n=1
break
fi
n=$(expr $n + 1)
done
#error condition: some or all item(s) being copied don't exist. easy_going: continue if at least one item exists, warn about rest, not easy_going: exit.
#echo "err=$err count_i=$count_i"
if [ "$easy_going" != true -a $err -gt 0 -a $err != $count_i ]; then
echo "Some of the paths you entered are incorrect. Script is running in strict mode and will therefore exit."
echo -e "Bad Paths: $err $error_list"
exit
fi
if [ $err = $count_i ]; then
echo "ALL THE PATHS you have entered are incorrect! Exiting."
echo -e "Bad Paths: $err $error_list"
fi
#one item to one destination:
#------------------------------
#assumes that destination is folder, it does't exist, it will create it. (so copying /a/b/c/d/firefox to /e/f/firefox will result in /e/f/firefox/firefox
#if -rename switch is given, will assume that the top element of destination path is the new name for the the item being given.
#multi-item to single destination:
#------------------------------
#assumes destination is a folder, gives error if it exists and it's a file. -rename switch will be ignored.
#ERROR CONDITIONS:
# - multiple items being sent to a destination and it's a file.
# - if -rename switch was given and multiple items are being copied, rename switch will be ignored (easy_going). if not easy_going, exit.
# - rename option but source is folder, destination is file, exit.
# - rename option but source is file and destination is folder. easy_going: option ignored.
if [ -f "$destination" ]; then
if [ $count_i -gt 1 ]; then
echo "Error: You've selected a single file as a destination and are copying multiple items to it. Exiting."; exit
elif [ -d "$item1" ]; then
echo "Error: Your destination is a file but your source is a folder. Exiting."; exit
fi
fi
if [ "$rename" = true ]; then
if [ $count_i -gt 1 ]; then
if [ $easy_going = true ]; then
echo "Warning: you choose the rename option but are copying multiple items. Ignoring Rename option. Continuing."
else
echo "Error: you choose the rename option but are copying multiple items. Script running in strict mode. Exiting."; exit
fi
elif [ -d "$destination" -a -f "$item1" ]; then
echo -n "Warning: you choose the rename option but source is a file and destination is a folder with the same name. "
if [ $easy_going = true ]; then
echo "Ignoring Rename option. Continuing."
else
echo "Script running in strict mode. Exiting."; exit
fi
else
dest_jr=$(dirname "$destination")
if [ -d "$destination" ]; then item_list="$item1/*";fi
mkdir -p "$dest_jr"
fi
else
mkdir -p "$destination"
fi
eval cp $switch_list $verbal $item_list "$destination"
cp_err="$?"
if [ "$cp_err" != 0 ]; then
echo -e "Something went wrong with the copy operation. \nExit Status: $cp_err"
else
echo "Copy operation exited with no errors."
fi
exit
只是有同样的问题。我的方法是将文件 tar 到一个存档中,如下所示:
tar cf your_archive.tar file1 /path/to/file2 path/to/even/deeper/file3
tar 自动将文件存储在归档中的适当结构中。如果你跑
tar xf your_archive.tar
文件被提取到所需的目录结构中。
这已经很晚了,但它可能会对某个地方的新手有所帮助。如果您需要“自动”创建文件夹,rsync 应该是您最好的朋友。rsync /path/to/sourcefile /path/to/tragetdir/thatdoestexist/
我强烈建议ditto
。只是工作。
ditto my/location/poop.txt this/doesnt/exist/yet/poop.txt
无需创建脚本并使用简单的命令...
mkdir -p /destination-folder/ && cp file-name /destination-folder/
从源复制到不存在的路径
mkdir –p /destination && cp –r /source/ $_
注意:此命令复制所有文件
cp –r
用于复制所有文件夹及其内容
$_
作为在最后一个命令中创建的目标工作
rsync file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there
如果您有正确的rsync
.
您可以find
使用Perl
. 命令将是这样的:
find file | perl -lne '$t = "/path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there/"; /^(.+)\/.+$/; `mkdir -p $t$1` unless(-d "$t$1"); `cp $_ $t$_` unless(-f "$t$_");'
$t
如果目录不存在,此命令将创建目录。而不是只复制file
到里面$t
,除非file
里面存在$t
。
这适用于 MacOS 上的 GNU /bin/bash 版本 3.2(在 Catalina 和 Big Sur 上测试)
cp -Rv <existing-source-folder>/ <non-existing-2becreated-destination-folder>
“v”选项用于详细说明。
我认为“-R”选项是“递归的”。
man 对 -R 的完整描述是:
如果 source_file 指定一个目录,则 cp 复制该目录和在该点连接的整个子树。如果 source_file 以 / 结尾,则复制目录的内容而不是目录本身。此选项还导致复制符号链接,而不是间接通过,并让 cp 创建特殊文件而不是将它们复制为普通文件。创建的目录与对应的源目录具有相同的模式,不被进程的umask修改。
在 -R 模式下,即使检测到错误,cp 也会继续复制。
请注意, cp 将硬链接文件复制为单独的文件。如果您需要保留硬链接,请考虑使用 tar(1)、cpio(1) 或 pax(1)。
在下面的示例中,我在现有文件夹的末尾使用“/”,以便它将现有文件夹的所有内容(而不是文件夹本身)复制到新文件夹中:
cp -Rv existingfolder/ newfolder
尝试一下。
仅适用于 macOS
rsync -R <source file path> destination_folder
对于macOS --parents cp选项不起作用
Oneliner 创建一个可以用作子命令的小脚本,find
例如:
set +H; echo -e "#!/bin/sh\nmkdir -p \$(dirname \"\$2\"); cp \"\$1\" \"$2\"\;" > ~/local/bin/cpmkdir; chmod +x ~/local/bin/cpmkdir
然后你可以像这样使用它:
find -name files_you_re_lookin_for.* -exec cpmkdir {} ../extracted_copy/{} \;
假设你正在做类似的事情
cp file1.txt A/B/C/D/file.txt
其中 A/B/C/D 是尚不存在的目录
一个可能的解决方案如下
DIR=$(dirname A/B/C/D/file.txt)
# DIR= "A/B/C/D"
mkdir -p $DIR
cp file1.txt A/B/C/D/file.txt
希望有帮助!
简单的
cp -a * /path/to/dst/
应该做的伎俩。