118

我不知道什么时候属性应该是私有的以及我是否应该使用property.

我最近读到 setter 和 getter 不是 pythonic,但使用property装饰器是可以的。

但是如果我有属性,那不能从类外设置,但可以读取(只读属性)。这个属性是否应该是私有的,我所说的私有是指下划线,就像那样self._x?如果是,那么我如何在不使用 getter 的情况下阅读它?我现在唯一知道的方法是写

@property
def x(self):
    return self._x

这样我可以读取属性,obj.x但我不能设置它obj.x = 1,所以没关系。

但是我真的应该关心设置不能设置的对象吗?也许我应该离开它。但是我又不能使用下划线,因为阅读obj._x对用户来说很奇怪,所以我应该使用obj.x然后用户不知道他不能设置这个属性。

你的观点和做法是什么?

4

10 回答 10

94

只要我的两分钱,Silas Ray就在正确的轨道上,但我想添加一个例子。;-)

Python 是一种类型不安全的语言,因此您必须始终信任代码的用户才能像一个合理(明智)的人一样使用代码。

根据PEP 8

仅对非公共方法和实例变量使用一个前导下划线。

要在类中拥有“只读”属性,您可以使用装饰,当您这样做时@property需要继承才能使用新样式类。object

例子:

>>> class A(object):
...     def __init__(self, a):
...         self._a = a
...
...     @property
...     def a(self):
...         return self._a
... 
>>> a = A('test')
>>> a.a
'test'
>>> a.a = 'pleh'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: can't set attribute
于 2013-04-04T13:30:24.703 回答
82

一般来说,Python 程序的编写应该假设所有用户都是同意的成年人,因此他们自己有责任正确使用事物。但是,在极少数情况下,可设置属性(例如派生值或从某些静态数据源读取的值)没有意义,仅 getter 属性通常是首选模式。

于 2013-01-29T23:42:35.503 回答
67

这是一种避免假设的方法

所有用户都是同意的成年人,因此有责任自己正确使用事物。

请在下面查看我的更新

使用@property, 非常冗长,例如:

   class AClassWithManyAttributes:
        '''refactored to properties'''
        def __init__(a, b, c, d, e ...)
             self._a = a
             self._b = b
             self._c = c
             self.d = d
             self.e = e

        @property
        def a(self):
            return self._a
        @property
        def b(self):
            return self._b
        @property
        def c(self):
            return self._c
        # you get this ... it's long

使用

没有下划线:它是一个公共变量。
一个下划线:它是一个受保护的变量。
两个下划线:它是一个私有变量。

除了最后一个,这是一个约定。如果您真的很努力,您仍然可以使用双下划线访问变量。

那么我们该怎么办?我们是否放弃在 Python 中拥有只读属性?

看哪!read_only_properties装修师傅来救场!

@read_only_properties('readonly', 'forbidden')
class MyClass(object):
    def __init__(self, a, b, c):
        self.readonly = a
        self.forbidden = b
        self.ok = c

m = MyClass(1, 2, 3)
m.ok = 4
# we can re-assign a value to m.ok
# read only access to m.readonly is OK 
print(m.ok, m.readonly) 
print("This worked...")
# this will explode, and raise AttributeError
m.forbidden = 4

你问:

read_only_properties来自哪里?

很高兴你问,这里是read_only_properties的来源:

def read_only_properties(*attrs):

    def class_rebuilder(cls):
        "The class decorator"

        class NewClass(cls):
            "This is the overwritten class"
            def __setattr__(self, name, value):
                if name not in attrs:
                    pass
                elif name not in self.__dict__:
                    pass
                else:
                    raise AttributeError("Can't modify {}".format(name))

                super().__setattr__(name, value)
        return NewClass
    return class_rebuilder

更新

没想到这个答案会引起这么多关注。令人惊讶的是它确实如此。这鼓励我创建一个你可以使用的包。

$ pip install read-only-properties

在你的 python 外壳中:

In [1]: from rop import read_only_properties

In [2]: @read_only_properties('a')
   ...: class Foo:
   ...:     def __init__(self, a, b):
   ...:         self.a = a
   ...:         self.b = b
   ...:         

In [3]: f=Foo('explodes', 'ok-to-overwrite')

In [4]: f.b = 5

In [5]: f.a = 'boom'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-a5226072b3b4> in <module>()
----> 1 f.a = 'boom'

/home/oznt/.virtualenvs/tracker/lib/python3.5/site-packages/rop.py in __setattr__(self, name, value)
    116                     pass
    117                 else:
--> 118                     raise AttributeError("Can't touch {}".format(name))
    119 
    120                 super().__setattr__(name, value)

AttributeError: Can't touch a
于 2016-09-27T04:31:27.267 回答
5

这是只读属性的一种稍微不同的方法,可能应该称为一次写入属性,因为它们必须被初始化,不是吗?对于我们当中那些担心能够通过直接访问对象的字典来修改属性的偏执狂,我引入了“极端”的名称修饰:

from uuid import uuid4

class ReadOnlyProperty:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.dict_name = uuid4().hex
        self.initialized = False

    def __get__(self, instance, cls):
        if instance is None:
            return self
        else:
            return instance.__dict__[self.dict_name]

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if self.initialized:
            raise AttributeError("Attempt to modify read-only property '%s'." % self.name)
        instance.__dict__[self.dict_name] = value
        self.initialized = True

class Point:
    x = ReadOnlyProperty('x')
    y = ReadOnlyProperty('y')
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        p = Point(2, 3)
        print(p.x, p.y)
        p.x = 9
    except Exception as e:
        print(e)
于 2018-01-27T15:07:07.160 回答
3

我对创建只读属性的前两个答案不满意,因为第一个解决方案允许删除只读属性然后设置并且不会阻止__dict__. 第二种解决方案可以通过测试来解决 - 找到等于您设置的两个值并最终更改它的值。

现在,对于代码。

def final(cls):
    clss = cls
    @classmethod
    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
        raise TypeError("type '{}' is not an acceptable base type".format(clss.__name__))
    cls.__init_subclass__ = __init_subclass__
    return cls


def methoddefiner(cls, method_name):
    for clss in cls.mro():
        try:
            getattr(clss, method_name)
            return clss
        except(AttributeError):
            pass
    return None
            
            
def readonlyattributes(*attrs):
    """Method to create readonly attributes in a class
    
    Use as a decorator for a class. This function takes in unlimited 
    string arguments for names of readonly attributes and returns a
    function to make the readonly attributes readonly. 
    
    The original class's __getattribute__, __setattr__, and __delattr__ methods
    are redefined so avoid defining those methods in the decorated class
    
    You may create setters and deleters for readonly attributes, however
    if they are overwritten by the subclass, they lose access to the readonly
    attributes. 
    
    Any method which sets or deletes a readonly attribute within
    the class loses access if overwritten by the subclass besides the __new__
    or __init__ constructors.
    
    This decorator doesn't support subclassing of these classes
    """
    def classrebuilder(cls):
        def __getattribute__(self, name):
            if name == '__dict__':
                    from types import MappingProxyType
                    return MappingProxyType(super(cls, self).__getattribute__('__dict__'))
            return super(cls, self).__getattribute__(name)
        def __setattr__(self, name, value): 
                if name == '__dict__' or name in attrs:
                    import inspect
                    stack = inspect.stack()
                    try:
                        the_class = stack[1][0].f_locals['self'].__class__
                    except(KeyError):
                        the_class = None
                    the_method = stack[1][0].f_code.co_name
                    if the_class != cls: 
                         if methoddefiner(type(self), the_method) != cls:
                            raise AttributeError("Cannot set readonly attribute '{}'".format(name))                        
                return super(cls, self).__setattr__(name, value)
        def __delattr__(self, name):                
                if name == '__dict__' or name in attrs:
                    import inspect
                    stack = inspect.stack()
                    try:
                        the_class = stack[1][0].f_locals['self'].__class__
                    except(KeyError):
                        the_class = None
                    the_method = stack[1][0].f_code.co_name
                    if the_class != cls:
                        if methoddefiner(type(self), the_method) != cls:
                            raise AttributeError("Cannot delete readonly attribute '{}'".format(name))                        
                return super(cls, self).__delattr__(name)
        clss = cls
        cls.__getattribute__ = __getattribute__
        cls.__setattr__ = __setattr__
        cls.__delattr__ = __delattr__
        #This line will be moved when this algorithm will be compatible with inheritance
        cls = final(cls)
        return cls
    return classrebuilder

def setreadonlyattributes(cls, *readonlyattrs):
    return readonlyattributes(*readonlyattrs)(cls)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    #test readonlyattributes only as an indpendent module
    @readonlyattributes('readonlyfield')
    class ReadonlyFieldClass(object):
        def __init__(self, a, b):
            #Prevent initalization of the internal, unmodified PrivateFieldClass
            #External PrivateFieldClass can be initalized
            self.readonlyfield = a
            self.publicfield = b
            

    attr = None
    def main():
        global attr
        pfi = ReadonlyFieldClass('forbidden', 'changable')
        ###---test publicfield, ensure its mutable---###
        try:
            #get publicfield
            print(pfi.publicfield)
            print('__getattribute__ works')
            #set publicfield
            pfi.publicfield = 'mutable'
            print('__setattr__ seems to work')
            #get previously set publicfield
            print(pfi.publicfield)
            print('__setattr__ definitely works')
            #delete publicfield
            del pfi.publicfield 
            print('__delattr__ seems to work')
            #get publicfield which was supposed to be deleted therefore should raise AttributeError
            print(pfi.publlicfield)
            #publicfield wasn't deleted, raise RuntimeError
            raise RuntimeError('__delattr__ doesn\'t work')
        except(AttributeError):
            print('__delattr__ works')
        
        
        try:
            ###---test readonly, make sure its readonly---###
            #get readonlyfield
            print(pfi.readonlyfield)
            print('__getattribute__ works')
            #set readonlyfield, should raise AttributeError
            pfi.readonlyfield = 'readonly'
            #apparently readonlyfield was set, notify user
            raise RuntimeError('__setattr__ doesn\'t work')
        except(AttributeError):
            print('__setattr__ seems to work')
            try:
                #ensure readonlyfield wasn't set
                print(pfi.readonlyfield)
                print('__setattr__ works')
                #delete readonlyfield
                del pfi.readonlyfield
                #readonlyfield was deleted, raise RuntimeError
                raise RuntimeError('__delattr__ doesn\'t work')
            except(AttributeError):
                print('__delattr__ works')
        try:
            print("Dict testing")
            print(pfi.__dict__, type(pfi.__dict__))
            attr = pfi.readonlyfield
            print(attr)
            print("__getattribute__ works")
            if pfi.readonlyfield != 'forbidden':
                print(pfi.readonlyfield)
                raise RuntimeError("__getattr__ doesn't work")
            try:
                pfi.__dict__ = {}
                raise RuntimeError("__setattr__ doesn't work")
            except(AttributeError):
                print("__setattr__ works")
            del pfi.__dict__
            raise RuntimeError("__delattr__ doesn't work")
        except(AttributeError):
            print(pfi.__dict__)
            print("__delattr__ works")
            print("Basic things work")


main()
        

设置只读属性是没有意义的,除非您编写 库代码,将代码分发给其他人作为代码使用以增强他们的程序,而不是用于任何其他目的的代码,例如应用程序开发。__dict__问题解决了,因为现在__dict__是不可变的types.MappingProxyType,所以属性不能通过__dict__. 设置或删除__dict__也被阻止。更改只读属性的唯一方法是更改​​类本身的方法。

虽然我相信我的解决方案比前两个更好,但它可以改进。这些是这段代码的弱点:

  1. 不允许添加到设置或删除只读属性的子类中的方法。子类中定义的方法被自动禁止访问只读属性,即使调用超类的方法版本也是如此。

  2. 可以更改类的只读方法以克服只读限制。

但是,没有办法不编辑类来设置或删除只读属性。这不依赖于命名约定,这很好,因为 Python 与命名约定不太一致。这提供了一种方法,可以在不编辑类本身的情况下制作无法通过隐藏漏洞更改的只读属性。当调用装饰器作为参数时,只需列出要只读的属性,它们就会变成只读的。

感谢Brice对获取调用者类和方法的回答。

于 2019-05-21T16:49:22.893 回答
2

这是我的解决方法。

@property
def language(self):
    return self._language
@language.setter
def language(self, value):
    # WORKAROUND to get a "getter-only" behavior
    # set the value only if the attribute does not exist
    try:
        if self.language == value:
            pass
        print("WARNING: Cannot set attribute \'language\'.")
    except AttributeError:
        self._language = value
于 2018-05-21T08:24:50.863 回答
0

虽然我喜欢 Oz123 中的类装饰器,但您也可以执行以下操作,它使用显式类包装器和 __new__ 以及在闭包中返回类的类工厂方法:

class B(object):
    def __new__(cls, val):
        return cls.factory(val)

@classmethod
def factory(cls, val):
    private = {'var': 'test'}

    class InnerB(object):
        def __init__(self):
            self.variable = val
            pass

        @property
        def var(self):
            return private['var']

    return InnerB()
于 2016-12-05T09:57:32.000 回答
0

请注意,实例方法也是(类的)属性,如果您真的想成为坏蛋,可以在类或实例级别设置它们。或者您可以设置一个类变量(这也是该类的一个属性),其中方便的只读属性不能开箱即用。我想说的是,“只读属性”问题实际上比通常认为的更普遍。幸运的是,在工作中存在如此强烈的传统期望,以至于我们对这些其他情况视而不见(毕竟,几乎所有东西都是 python 中的某种属性)。

基于这些期望,我认为最通用和最轻量级的方法是采用“公共”(没有前导下划线)属性是只读的约定,除非明确记录为可写。这包含了通常的期望,即方法不会被修补,并且指示实例默认值的类变量更好更不用说。如果您对某些特殊属性感到非常偏执,请使用只读描述符作为最后的资源度量。

于 2016-03-10T01:41:06.877 回答
0

有人提到使用代理对象,我没有看到这样的例子,所以我最终尝试了一下,[糟糕]。

/!\ 如果可能,请优先使用类定义和类构造函数

这段代码实际上是重写class.__new__(类构造函数),但在各方面都更糟。避免痛苦,如果可以的话,不要使用这种模式。

def attr_proxy(obj):
    """ Use dynamic class definition to bind obj and proxy_attrs.
        If you can extend the target class constructor that is 
        cleaner, but its not always trivial to do so.
    """
    proxy_attrs = dict()

    class MyObjAttrProxy():
        def __getattr__(self, name):
            if name in proxy_attrs:
                return proxy_attrs[name]  # overloaded

            return getattr(obj, name)  # proxy

        def __setattr__(self, name, value):
            """ note, self is not bound when overloading methods
            """
            proxy_attrs[name] = value

    return MyObjAttrProxy()


myobj = attr_proxy(Object())
setattr(myobj, 'foo_str', 'foo')

def func_bind_obj_as_self(func, self):
    def _method(*args, **kwargs):
        return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
    return _method

def mymethod(self, foo_ct):
    """ self is not bound because we aren't using object __new__
        you can write the __setattr__ method to bind a self 
        argument, or declare your functions dynamically to bind in 
        a static object reference.
    """
    return self.foo_str + foo_ct

setattr(myobj, 'foo', func_bind_obj_as_self(mymethod, myobj))
于 2020-03-20T18:25:13.437 回答
-2

我知道我正在从死里复活这个线程,但我正在研究如何将属性设为只读,在找到这个主题后,我对已经共享的解决方案不满意。

所以,回到最初的问题,如果你从这段代码开始:

@property
def x(self):
    return self._x

你想让 X 只读,你可以添加:

@x.setter
def x(self, value):
    raise Exception("Member readonly")

然后,如果您运行以下命令:

print (x) # Will print whatever X value is
x = 3 # Will raise exception "Member readonly"
于 2017-06-22T18:49:56.137 回答