What does an ORM such as JPA, Hibernate, or EclipseLink do under the hood ? It generates the SQL starting from your data model to let you interact with a database in a transparent way.
If you apply any modification to the database which do not require modification to the SQL you use to interact with it (you are not adding any constraints and non null columns), nothing will break. Your SQL queries will simply not use the added columns when writing/reading from the db.
If on the contrary you apply changes on the constraints, you can make your code not working anymore even without adding a column.