65

我已经重命名了一个作为库一部分的 python 类。我愿意在一段时间内保留使用它以前的名称的可能性,但想警告用户它已被弃用,将来会被删除。

我认为为了提供向后兼容性,使用这样的别名就足够了:

class NewClsName:
    pass

OldClsName = NewClsName

我不知道如何以OldClsName优雅的方式将其标记为已弃用。也许我可以创建OldClsName一个发出警告(到日志)并NewClsName从其参数(使用*argsand **kvargs)构造对象的函数,但它看起来不够优雅(或者可能是?)。

但是,我不知道 Python 标准库弃用警告是如何工作的。我想可能有一些很好的魔法来处理弃用,例如允许将其视为错误或根据某些解释器的命令行选项静音。

问题是:如何警告用户使用过时的类别名(或一般的过时类)。

编辑:函数方法对我不起作用(我已经尝试过),因为该类有一些类方法(工厂方法)在OldClsName定义为函数时无法调用。以下代码不起作用:

class NewClsName(object):
    @classmethod
    def CreateVariant1( cls, ... ):
        pass

    @classmethod
    def CreateVariant2( cls, ... ):
        pass

def OldClsName(*args, **kwargs):
    warnings.warn("The 'OldClsName' class was renamed [...]",
                  DeprecationWarning )
    return NewClsName(*args, **kwargs)

OldClsName.CreateVariant1( ... )

因为:

AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'CreateVariant1'

继承是我唯一的选择吗?老实说,它在我看来不是很干净——它通过引入不必要的派生来影响类层次结构。此外,OldClsName is not NewClsName在大多数情况下这不是问题,但在使用库的代码编写不佳的情况下可能会出现问题。

我还可以创建一个虚拟的、不相关的OldClsName类并为其中的所有类方法实现构造函数和包装器,但在我看来,这是更糟糕的解决方案。

4

7 回答 7

41

也许我可以让 OldClsName 成为一个函数,它会发出警告(到日志)并从其参数构造 NewClsName 对象(使用 *args 和 **kvargs),但它看起来不够优雅(或者可能是?)。

是的,我认为这是非常标准的做法:

def OldClsName(*args, **kwargs):
    from warnings import warn
    warn("get with the program!")
    return NewClsName(*args, **kwargs)

唯一棘手的事情是如果你有子类的东西OldClsName- 那么我们必须变得聪明。如果您只需要保留对类方法的访问权限,则应该这样做:

class DeprecationHelper(object):
    def __init__(self, new_target):
        self.new_target = new_target

    def _warn(self):
        from warnings import warn
        warn("Get with the program!")

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self._warn()
        return self.new_target(*args, **kwargs)

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        self._warn()
        return getattr(self.new_target, attr)

OldClsName = DeprecationHelper(NewClsName)

我还没有测试过它,但这应该会给你一个想法 -__call__将处理正常实例化路线,__getattr__将捕获对类方法的访问并仍然生成警告,而不会弄乱你的类层次结构。

于 2012-01-25T18:55:58.103 回答
20

请看一看warnings.warn

如您所见,文档中的示例是一个弃用警告:

def deprecation(message):
    warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
于 2012-01-25T18:54:21.013 回答
9

在 python >= 3.6 中,您可以轻松处理子类化警告:

class OldClassName(NewClassName):
    def __init_subclass__(self):
        warn("Class has been renamed NewClassName", DeprecationWarning, 2)

重载__new__应该允许您在直接调用旧的类构造函数时发出警告,但我没有测试过,因为我现在不需要它。

于 2018-11-23T16:23:07.290 回答
9

以下是解决方案应满足的要求列表:

  • 不推荐使用的类的实例化应引发警告
  • 不推荐使用的类的子类化应引发警告
  • 支持isinstanceissubclass检查

解决方案

这可以通过自定义元类来实现:

class DeprecatedClassMeta(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, classdict, *args, **kwargs):
        alias = classdict.get('_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias')

        if alias is not None:
            def new(cls, *args, **kwargs):
                alias = getattr(cls, '_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias')

                if alias is not None:
                    warn("{} has been renamed to {}, the alias will be "
                         "removed in the future".format(cls.__name__,
                             alias.__name__), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

                return alias(*args, **kwargs)

            classdict['__new__'] = new
            classdict['_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias'] = alias

        fixed_bases = []

        for b in bases:
            alias = getattr(b, '_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias', None)

            if alias is not None:
                warn("{} has been renamed to {}, the alias will be "
                     "removed in the future".format(b.__name__,
                         alias.__name__), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

            # Avoid duplicate base classes.
            b = alias or b
            if b not in fixed_bases:
                fixed_bases.append(b)

        fixed_bases = tuple(fixed_bases)

        return super().__new__(cls, name, fixed_bases, classdict,
                               *args, **kwargs)

    def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
        return any(cls.__subclasscheck__(c)
            for c in {type(instance), instance.__class__})

    def __subclasscheck__(cls, subclass):
        if subclass is cls:
            return True
        else:
            return issubclass(subclass, getattr(cls,
                              '_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias'))

解释

DeprecatedClassMeta.__new__方法不仅为它是元类的类调用,而且为该类的每个子类调用。这提供了一个机会来确保不会实例DeprecatedClass化任何实例或子类化。

实例化很简单。元类覆盖 的__new__方法DeprecatedClass以始终返回 的实例NewClass

子类化并不难。DeprecatedClassMeta.__new__接收基类列表并需要用 替换DeprecatedClass实例NewClass

最后,isinstanceandissubclass检查是通过PEP 3119__instancecheck__实现和__subclasscheck__定义的。


测试

class NewClass:
    foo = 1


class NewClassSubclass(NewClass):
    pass


class DeprecatedClass(metaclass=DeprecatedClassMeta):
    _DeprecatedClassMeta__alias = NewClass


class DeprecatedClassSubclass(DeprecatedClass):
    foo = 2


class DeprecatedClassSubSubclass(DeprecatedClassSubclass):
    foo = 3


assert issubclass(DeprecatedClass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubclass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(NewClass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(NewClassSubclass, DeprecatedClass)

assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubclass, NewClass)
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass, NewClass)

assert isinstance(DeprecatedClass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubclass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(NewClass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(NewClassSubclass(), DeprecatedClass)

assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubclass(), NewClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass(), NewClass)

assert NewClass().foo == 1
assert DeprecatedClass().foo == 1
assert DeprecatedClassSubclass().foo == 2
assert DeprecatedClassSubSubclass().foo == 3
于 2018-08-30T00:50:17.673 回答
5

你为什么不只是子类?这样就不应该破坏任何用户代码。

class OldClsName(NewClsName):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        warnings.warn("The 'OldClsName' class was renamed [...]",
                      DeprecationWarning)
        NewClsName.__init__(*args, **kwargs)
于 2014-09-30T22:10:10.157 回答
5

__getattr__从 Python 3.7 开始,您可以使用(and __dir__)提供对模块属性访问的自定义。一切都在PEP 562中解释。在下面的示例中,我实现了__getattr__并且__dir__为了弃用“OldClsName”而支持“NewClsNam”:

# your_lib.py

import warnings

__all__ = ["NewClsName"]

DEPRECATED_NAMES = [('OldClsName', 'NewClsName')]


class NewClsName:
    @classmethod
    def create_variant1(cls):
        return cls()


def __getattr__(name):
    for old_name, new_name in DEPRECATED_NAMES:
        if name == old_name:
            warnings.warn(f"The '{old_name}' class or function is renamed '{new_name}'",
                          DeprecationWarning,
                          stacklevel=2)
            return globals()[new_name]
    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__} has no attribute {name}")


def __dir__():
    return sorted(__all__ + [names[0] for names in DEPRECATED_NAMES])

__getattr__函数中,如果发现不推荐使用的类或函数名称,则会发出警告消息,显示源文件和调用者的行号(带有stacklevel=2)。

在用户代码中,我们可以:

# your_lib_usage.py
from your_lib import NewClsName
from your_lib import OldClsName


def use_new_class():
    obj = NewClsName.create_variant1()
    print(obj.__class__.__name__ + " is created in use_new_class")


def use_old_class():
    obj = OldClsName.create_variant1()
    print(obj.__class__.__name__ + " is created in use_old_class")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    use_new_class()
    use_old_class()

当用户运行他的脚本your_lib_usage.py时,它会得到如下内容:

NewClsName is created in use_new_class
NewClsName is created in use_old_class
/path/to/your_lib_usage.py:3: DeprecationWarning: The 'OldClsName' class or function is renamed 'NewClsName'
  from your_lib import OldClsName

注意:堆栈跟踪通常用 STDERR 编写。

要查看错误警告,您可能需要在 Python 命令行中添加“-W”标志,例如:

python -W always your_lib_usage.py
于 2019-03-13T10:27:21.290 回答
2

使用inspect模块为 添加占位符OldClass,然后OldClsName is NewClsName检查将通过,并且像 pylint 这样的 linter 会将此通知为错误。

弃用.py

import inspect
import warnings
from functools import wraps

def renamed(old_name):
    """Return decorator for renamed callable.

    Args:
        old_name (str): This name will still accessible,
            but call it will result a warn.

    Returns:
        decorator: this will do the setting about `old_name`
            in the caller's module namespace.
    """

    def _wrap(obj):
        assert callable(obj)

        def _warn():
            warnings.warn('Renamed: {} -> {}'
                        .format(old_name, obj.__name__),
                        DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)

        def _wrap_with_warn(func, is_inspect):
            @wraps(func)
            def _func(*args, **kwargs):
                if is_inspect:
                    # XXX: If use another name to call,
                    # you will not get the warning.
                    frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back
                    code = inspect.getframeinfo(frame).code_context
                    if [line for line in code
                            if old_name in line]:
                        _warn()
                else:
                    _warn()
                return func(*args, **kwargs)
            return _func

        # Make old name available.
        frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back
        assert old_name not in frame.f_globals, (
            'Name already in use.', old_name)

        if inspect.isclass(obj):
            obj.__init__ = _wrap_with_warn(obj.__init__, True)
            placeholder = obj
        else:
            placeholder = _wrap_with_warn(obj, False)

        frame.f_globals[old_name] = placeholder

        return obj

    return _wrap

测试.py

from __future__ import print_function

from deprecate import renamed


@renamed('test1_old')
def test1():
    return 'test1'


@renamed('Test2_old')
class Test2(object):
    pass

    def __init__(self):
        self.data = 'test2_data'

    def method(self):
        return self.data

# pylint: disable=undefined-variable
# If not use this inline pylint option, 
# there will be E0602 for each old name.
assert(test1() == test1_old())
assert(Test2_old is Test2)
print('# Call new name')
print(Test2())
print('# Call old name')
print(Test2_old())

然后运行python -W all test.py

test.py:22: DeprecationWarning: Renamed: test1_old -> test1
# Call new name
<__main__.Test2 object at 0x0000000007A147B8>
# Call old name
test.py:27: DeprecationWarning: Renamed: Test2_old -> Test2
<__main__.Test2 object at 0x0000000007A147B8>
于 2018-02-25T22:31:43.217 回答