使用 PostgreSQL 8.4.9 查询的 PostgreSQL 性能有一个奇怪的问题。此查询正在选择 3D 体积内的一组点,使用 aLEFT OUTER JOIN
添加相关 ID 列,其中相关 ID 存在。范围内的微小变化x
会导致 PostgreSQL 选择不同的查询计划,执行时间从 0.01 秒到 50 秒。这是有问题的查询:
SELECT treenode.id AS id,
treenode.parent_id AS parentid,
(treenode.location).x AS x,
(treenode.location).y AS y,
(treenode.location).z AS z,
treenode.confidence AS confidence,
treenode.user_id AS user_id,
treenode.radius AS radius,
((treenode.location).z - 50) AS z_diff,
treenode_class_instance.class_instance_id AS skeleton_id
FROM treenode LEFT OUTER JOIN
(treenode_class_instance INNER JOIN
class_instance ON treenode_class_instance.class_instance_id
= class_instance.id
AND class_instance.class_id = 7828307)
ON (treenode_class_instance.treenode_id = treenode.id
AND treenode_class_instance.relation_id = 7828321)
WHERE treenode.project_id = 4
AND (treenode.location).x >= 8000
AND (treenode.location).x <= (8000 + 4736)
AND (treenode.location).y >= 22244
AND (treenode.location).y <= (22244 + 3248)
AND (treenode.location).z >= 0
AND (treenode.location).z <= 100
ORDER BY parentid DESC, id, z_diff
LIMIT 400;
该查询需要将近一分钟,如果我添加EXPLAIN
到该查询的前面,似乎正在使用以下查询计划:
Limit (cost=56185.16..56185.17 rows=1 width=89)
-> Sort (cost=56185.16..56185.17 rows=1 width=89)
Sort Key: treenode.parent_id, treenode.id, (((treenode.location).z - 50::double precision))
-> Nested Loop Left Join (cost=6715.16..56185.15 rows=1 width=89)
Join Filter: (treenode_class_instance.treenode_id = treenode.id)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on treenode (cost=148.55..184.16 rows=1 width=81)
Recheck Cond: (((location).x >= 8000::double precision) AND ((location).x <= 12736::double precision) AND ((location).z >= 0::double precision) AND ((location).z <= 100::double precision))
Filter: (((location).y >= 22244::double precision) AND ((location).y <= 25492::double precision) AND (project_id = 4))
-> BitmapAnd (cost=148.55..148.55 rows=9 width=0)
-> Bitmap Index Scan on location_x_index (cost=0.00..67.38 rows=2700 width=0)
Index Cond: (((location).x >= 8000::double precision) AND ((location).x <= 12736::double precision))
-> Bitmap Index Scan on location_z_index (cost=0.00..80.91 rows=3253 width=0)
Index Cond: (((location).z >= 0::double precision) AND ((location).z <= 100::double precision))
-> Hash Join (cost=6566.61..53361.69 rows=211144 width=16)
Hash Cond: (treenode_class_instance.class_instance_id = class_instance.id)
-> Seq Scan on treenode_class_instance (cost=0.00..25323.79 rows=969285 width=16)
Filter: (relation_id = 7828321)
-> Hash (cost=5723.54..5723.54 rows=51366 width=8)
-> Seq Scan on class_instance (cost=0.00..5723.54 rows=51366 width=8)
Filter: (class_id = 7828307)
(20 rows)
但是,如果我将范围内的条件替换为8000
,x
则10644
查询将在几分之一秒内执行并使用以下查询计划:
Limit (cost=58378.94..58378.95 rows=2 width=89)
-> Sort (cost=58378.94..58378.95 rows=2 width=89)
Sort Key: treenode.parent_id, treenode.id, (((treenode.location).z - 50::double precision))
-> Hash Left Join (cost=57263.11..58378.93 rows=2 width=89)
Hash Cond: (treenode.id = treenode_class_instance.treenode_id)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on treenode (cost=231.12..313.44 rows=2 width=81)
Recheck Cond: (((location).z >= 0::double precision) AND ((location).z <= 100::double precision) AND ((location).x >= 10644::double precision) AND ((location).x <= 15380::double precision))
Filter: (((location).y >= 22244::double precision) AND ((location).y <= 25492::double precision) AND (project_id = 4))
-> BitmapAnd (cost=231.12..231.12 rows=21 width=0)
-> Bitmap Index Scan on location_z_index (cost=0.00..80.91 rows=3253 width=0)
Index Cond: (((location).z >= 0::double precision) AND ((location).z <= 100::double precision))
-> Bitmap Index Scan on location_x_index (cost=0.00..149.95 rows=6157 width=0)
Index Cond: (((location).x >= 10644::double precision) AND ((location).x <= 15380::double precision))
-> Hash (cost=53361.69..53361.69 rows=211144 width=16)
-> Hash Join (cost=6566.61..53361.69 rows=211144 width=16)
Hash Cond: (treenode_class_instance.class_instance_id = class_instance.id)
-> Seq Scan on treenode_class_instance (cost=0.00..25323.79 rows=969285 width=16)
Filter: (relation_id = 7828321)
-> Hash (cost=5723.54..5723.54 rows=51366 width=8)
-> Seq Scan on class_instance (cost=0.00..5723.54 rows=51366 width=8)
Filter: (class_id = 7828307)
(21 rows)
我远不是解析这些查询计划的专家,但明显的区别似乎是在一个x
范围内它使用 a Hash Left Join
(LEFT OUTER JOIN
非常快),而在另一个范围内它使用 a Nested Loop Left Join
(这似乎非常慢的)。在这两种情况下,查询都会返回大约 90 行。如果我SET ENABLE_NESTLOOP TO FALSE
在查询的慢版本之前这样做,它会非常快,但我知道使用该设置通常是一个坏主意。
例如,我可以创建一个特定的索引以使查询计划者更有可能选择明显更有效的策略吗?谁能建议为什么 PostgreSQL 的查询计划器应该为这些查询之一选择如此糟糕的策略?下面我包含了可能有用的模式的详细信息。
treenode 表有 900,000 行,定义如下:
Table "public.treenode"
Column | Type | Modifiers
---------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------
id | bigint | not null default nextval('concept_id_seq'::regclass)
user_id | bigint | not null
creation_time | timestamp with time zone | not null default now()
edition_time | timestamp with time zone | not null default now()
project_id | bigint | not null
location | double3d | not null
parent_id | bigint |
radius | double precision | not null default 0
confidence | integer | not null default 5
Indexes:
"treenode_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
"treenode_id_key" UNIQUE, btree (id)
"location_x_index" btree (((location).x))
"location_y_index" btree (((location).y))
"location_z_index" btree (((location).z))
Foreign-key constraints:
"treenode_parent_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (parent_id) REFERENCES treenode(id)
Referenced by:
TABLE "treenode_class_instance" CONSTRAINT "treenode_class_instance_treenode_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (treenode_id) REFERENCES treenode(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
TABLE "treenode" CONSTRAINT "treenode_parent_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (parent_id) REFERENCES treenode(id)
Triggers:
on_edit_treenode BEFORE UPDATE ON treenode FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE on_edit()
Inherits: location
double3d
复合类型定义如下:
Composite type "public.double3d"
Column | Type
--------+------------------
x | double precision
y | double precision
z | double precision
连接中涉及的另外两个表是treenode_class_instance
:
Table "public.treenode_class_instance"
Column | Type | Modifiers
-------------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------
id | bigint | not null default nextval('concept_id_seq'::regclass)
user_id | bigint | not null
creation_time | timestamp with time zone | not null default now()
edition_time | timestamp with time zone | not null default now()
project_id | bigint | not null
relation_id | bigint | not null
treenode_id | bigint | not null
class_instance_id | bigint | not null
Indexes:
"treenode_class_instance_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
"treenode_class_instance_id_key" UNIQUE, btree (id)
"idx_class_instance_id" btree (class_instance_id)
Foreign-key constraints:
"treenode_class_instance_class_instance_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (class_instance_id) REFERENCES class_instance(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
"treenode_class_instance_relation_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (relation_id) REFERENCES relation(id)
"treenode_class_instance_treenode_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (treenode_id) REFERENCES treenode(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
"treenode_class_instance_user_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES "user"(id)
Triggers:
on_edit_treenode_class_instance BEFORE UPDATE ON treenode_class_instance FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE on_edit()
Inherits: relation_instance
...和class_instance
:
Table "public.class_instance"
Column | Type | Modifiers
---------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------
id | bigint | not null default nextval('concept_id_seq'::regclass)
user_id | bigint | not null
creation_time | timestamp with time zone | not null default now()
edition_time | timestamp with time zone | not null default now()
project_id | bigint | not null
class_id | bigint | not null
name | character varying(255) | not null
Indexes:
"class_instance_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
"class_instance_id_key" UNIQUE, btree (id)
Foreign-key constraints:
"class_instance_class_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (class_id) REFERENCES class(id)
"class_instance_user_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES "user"(id)
Referenced by:
TABLE "class_instance_class_instance" CONSTRAINT "class_instance_class_instance_class_instance_a_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (class_instance_a) REFERENCES class_instance(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
TABLE "class_instance_class_instance" CONSTRAINT "class_instance_class_instance_class_instance_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (class_instance_b) REFERENCES class_instance(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
TABLE "connector_class_instance" CONSTRAINT "connector_class_instance_class_instance_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (class_instance_id) REFERENCES class_instance(id)
TABLE "treenode_class_instance" CONSTRAINT "treenode_class_instance_class_instance_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (class_instance_id) REFERENCES class_instance(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
Triggers:
on_edit_class_instance BEFORE UPDATE ON class_instance FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE on_edit()
Inherits: concept