这些操作有效：
- HEIC 为其他格式，例如转换 IMG_8293.HEIC c.jpg
这些操作产生无效输出：
- 将任何格式转换为 HEIC，例如：convert c.jpg c.heic
- 旋转 HEIC：转换 IMG_8293.HEIC -rotate 90 IMG_8293.HEIC
- 其他 HEIC 操作，例如触发器、触发器等。
无效输出意味着：元数据正确显示但 MacOS 预览抱怨：“ The file “c.heic” could not be opened. It may be damaged or use a file format that Preview doesn’t recognise.”。
输入文件 c.jpg 的元数据
c.jpg: JPEG image data, JFIF standard 1.01, resolution (DPI), density 72x72, segment length 16, Exif Standard: [TIFF image data, big-endian, direntries=11, manufacturer=Apple, model=iPhone 11 Pro, orientation=upper-left, xresolution=166, yresolution=174, resolutionunit=2, software=14.0.1, datetime=2021:06:15 17:59:12, GPS-Data], baseline, precision 8, 3024x4032, components 3
ExifTool Version Number : 12.26
File Name : c.jpg
Directory : /Users/pepa/Downloads/imageTests/a
File Size : 3.4 MiB
File Modification Date/Time : 2021:06:21 14:45:17+02:00
File Access Date/Time : 2021:06:21 14:55:02+02:00
File Inode Change Date/Time : 2021:06:21 14:55:01+02:00
File Permissions : -rw-r--r--
File Type : JPEG
File Type Extension : jpg
MIME Type : image/jpeg
JFIF Version : 1.01
Exif Byte Order : Big-endian (Motorola, MM)
Make : Apple
Camera Model Name : iPhone 11 Pro
Orientation : Horizontal (normal)
X Resolution : 72
Y Resolution : 72
Resolution Unit : inches
Software : 14.0.1
Modify Date : 2021:06:15 17:59:12
Y Cb Cr Positioning : Centered
Exposure Time : 1/60
F Number : 1.8
Exposure Program : Program AE
ISO : 125
Exif Version : 0231
Date/Time Original : 2021:06:15 17:59:12
Create Date : 2021:06:15 17:59:12
Offset Time : +02:00
Offset Time Original : +02:00
Offset Time Digitized : +02:00
Components Configuration : Y, Cb, Cr, -
Shutter Speed Value : 1/60
Aperture Value : 1.8
Brightness Value : 3.03912093
Exposure Compensation : 0
Metering Mode : Multi-segment
Flash : Auto, Did not fire
Focal Length : 4.2 mm
Subject Area : 2002 1505 2213 1324
Run Time Flags : Valid
Run Time Value : 177843221492583
Run Time Scale : 1000000000
Run Time Epoch : 0
Acceleration Vector : 0.008651109405 -0.003601103323 -1.025277733
Sub Sec Time Original : 185
Sub Sec Time Digitized : 185
Flashpix Version : 0100
Color Space : Uncalibrated
Exif Image Width : 4032
Exif Image Height : 3024
Sensing Method : One-chip color area
Scene Type : Directly photographed
Exposure Mode : Auto
White Balance : Auto
Focal Length In 35mm Format : 26 mm
Scene Capture Type : Standard
Lens Info : 1.539999962-6mm f/1.8-2.4
Lens Make : Apple
Lens Model : iPhone 11 Pro back triple camera 4.25mm f/1.8
Composite Image : General Composite Image
GPS Latitude Ref : North
GPS Longitude Ref : East
GPS Altitude Ref : Above Sea Level
GPS Speed Ref : km/h
GPS Speed : 0
GPS Img Direction Ref : True North
GPS Img Direction : 71.31763456
GPS Dest Bearing Ref : True North
GPS Dest Bearing : 71.31763456
GPS Date Stamp : 2021:06:15
GPS Horizontal Positioning Error: 65 m
Profile CMM Type : Apple Computer Inc.
Profile Version : 4.0.0
Profile Class : Display Device Profile
Color Space Data : RGB
Profile Connection Space : XYZ
Profile Date Time : 2017:07:07 13:22:32
Profile File Signature : acsp
Primary Platform : Apple Computer Inc.
CMM Flags : Not Embedded, Independent
Device Manufacturer : Apple Computer Inc.
Device Model :
Device Attributes : Reflective, Glossy, Positive, Color
Rendering Intent : Perceptual
Connection Space Illuminant : 0.9642 1 0.82491
Profile Creator : Apple Computer Inc.
Profile ID : ca1a9582257f104d389913d5d1ea1582
Profile Description : Display P3
Profile Copyright : Copyright Apple Inc., 2017
Media White Point : 0.95045 1 1.08905
Red Matrix Column : 0.51512 0.2412 -0.00105
Green Matrix Column : 0.29198 0.69225 0.04189
Blue Matrix Column : 0.1571 0.06657 0.78407
Red Tone Reproduction Curve : (Binary data 32 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Chromatic Adaptation : 1.04788 0.02292 -0.0502 0.02959 0.99048 -0.01706 -0.00923 0.01508 0.75168
Blue Tone Reproduction Curve : (Binary data 32 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Green Tone Reproduction Curve : (Binary data 32 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Image Width : 3024
Image Height : 4032
Encoding Process : Baseline DCT, Huffman coding
Bits Per Sample : 8
Color Components : 3
Y Cb Cr Sub Sampling : YCbCr4:4:4 (1 1)
Run Time Since Power Up : 2 days 1:24:03
Aperture : 1.8
Image Size : 3024x4032
Megapixels : 12.2
Scale Factor To 35 mm Equivalent: 6.1
Shutter Speed : 1/60
Create Date : 2021:06:15 17:59:12.185+02:00
Date/Time Original : 2021:06:15 17:59:12.185+02:00
Modify Date : 2021:06:15 17:59:12+02:00
GPS Altitude : 255.7 m Above Sea Level
GPS Latitude : 49 deg 59' 50.66" N
GPS Longitude : 14 deg 25' 29.76" E
Circle Of Confusion : 0.005 mm
Field Of View : 69.4 deg
Focal Length : 4.2 mm (35 mm equivalent: 26.0 mm)
GPS Position : 49 deg 59' 50.66" N, 14 deg 25' 29.76" E
Hyperfocal Distance : 2.04 m
Light Value : 7.3
Lens ID : iPhone 11 Pro back triple camera 4.25mm f/1.8
损坏文件 c.heic 的元数据：
c.heic: ISO Media, HEIF Image HEVC Main or Main Still Picture Profile
ExifTool Version Number : 12.26
File Name : c.heic
Directory : /Users/pepa/Downloads/imageTests/a
File Size : 1592 KiB
File Modification Date/Time : 2021:06:21 14:53:11+02:00
File Access Date/Time : 2021:06:21 14:55:02+02:00
File Inode Change Date/Time : 2021:06:21 14:55:01+02:00
File Permissions : -rw-r--r--
File Type : HEIC
File Type Extension : heic
MIME Type : image/heic
Major Brand : High Efficiency Image Format HEVC still image (.HEIC)
Minor Version : 0.0.0
Compatible Brands : mif1, heic
Handler Type : Picture
Primary Item Reference : 1
Orientation : Horizontal (normal)
X Resolution : 72
Y Resolution : 72
Resolution Unit : inches
Y Cb Cr Positioning : Centered
White Balance : Auto
Exif Byte Order : Big-endian (Motorola, MM)
Make : Apple
Camera Model Name : iPhone 11 Pro
Software : 14.0.1
Modify Date : 2021:06:15 17:59:12
Exposure Time : 1/60
F Number : 1.8
Exposure Program : Program AE
ISO : 125
Exif Version : 0231
Date/Time Original : 2021:06:15 17:59:12
Create Date : 2021:06:15 17:59:12
Offset Time : +02:00
Offset Time Original : +02:00
Offset Time Digitized : +02:00
Components Configuration : Y, Cb, Cr, -
Shutter Speed Value : 1/60
Aperture Value : 1.8
Brightness Value : 3.03912093
Exposure Compensation : 0
Metering Mode : Multi-segment
Flash : Auto, Did not fire
Focal Length : 4.2 mm
Subject Area : 2002 1505 2213 1324
Run Time Flags : Valid
Run Time Value : 177843221492583
Run Time Scale : 1000000000
Run Time Epoch : 0
Acceleration Vector : 0.008651109405 -0.003601103323 -1.025277733
Sub Sec Time Original : 185
Sub Sec Time Digitized : 185
Flashpix Version : 0100
Color Space : Uncalibrated
Exif Image Width : 4032
Exif Image Height : 3024
Sensing Method : One-chip color area
Scene Type : Directly photographed
Exposure Mode : Auto
Focal Length In 35mm Format : 26 mm
Scene Capture Type : Standard
Lens Info : 1.539999962-6mm f/1.8-2.4
Lens Make : Apple
Lens Model : iPhone 11 Pro back triple camera 4.25mm f/1.8
Composite Image : General Composite Image
GPS Latitude Ref : North
GPS Longitude Ref : East
GPS Altitude Ref : Above Sea Level
GPS Speed Ref : km/h
GPS Speed : 0
GPS Img Direction Ref : True North
GPS Img Direction : 71.31763456
GPS Dest Bearing Ref : True North
GPS Dest Bearing : 71.31763456
GPS Date Stamp : 2021:06:15
GPS Horizontal Positioning Error: 65 m
HEVC Configuration Version : 1
General Profile Space : Conforming
General Tier Flag : Main Tier
General Profile IDC : Main Still Picture
Gen Profile Compatibility Flags : Main Still Picture, Main 10, Main
Constraint Indicator Flags : 0 0 0 0 0 0
General Level IDC : 180 (level 6.0)
Min Spatial Segmentation IDC : 0
Parallelism Type : 0
Chroma Format : 4:2:0
Bit Depth Luma : 8
Bit Depth Chroma : 8
Average Frame Rate : 0
Constant Frame Rate : Unknown
Num Temporal Layers : 1
Temporal ID Nested : Yes
Color Representation : nclx 2 2 6
Image Pixel Depth : 8 8 8
Media Data Size : 1629724
Media Data Offset : 470
Run Time Since Power Up : 2 days 1:24:03
Aperture : 1.8
Scale Factor To 35 mm Equivalent: 6.1
Shutter Speed : 1/60
Create Date : 2021:06:15 17:59:12.185+02:00
Date/Time Original : 2021:06:15 17:59:12.185+02:00
Modify Date : 2021:06:15 17:59:12+02:00
GPS Altitude : 255.7 m Above Sea Level
GPS Latitude : 49 deg 59' 50.66" N
GPS Longitude : 14 deg 25' 29.76" E
Circle Of Confusion : 0.005 mm
Field Of View : 69.4 deg
Focal Length : 4.2 mm (35 mm equivalent: 26.0 mm)
GPS Position : 49 deg 59' 50.66" N, 14 deg 25' 29.76" E
Hyperfocal Distance : 2.04 m
Light Value : 7.3
Lens ID : iPhone 11 Pro back triple camera 4.25mm f/1.8
ImageMagick --版本
Version: ImageMagick 7.0.10-59 Q16 x86_64 2021-01-24 https://imagemagick.org
Copyright: (C) 1999-2021 ImageMagick Studio LLC
License: https://imagemagick.org/script/license.php
Features: Cipher DPC HDRI Modules OpenMP(4.5)
Delegates (built-in): bzlib freetype gslib heic jng jp2 jpeg lcms lqr ltdl lzma openexr png ps tiff webp xml zlib
换句话说，每次输出为 HEIC 时，输出都会损坏。知道为什么吗？