我正在创建一个具有 1024 * 1024 * 1024 元素的 int(32 位)向量,如下所示:
std::vector<int> nums;
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1024 * 1024 * 1024; i++) {
nums.push_back(rand() % 1024);
}
那时它拥有 4 GB 的随机数据。然后我只是简单地总结了向量中的所有元素,如下所示:
uint64_t total = 0;
for (auto cn = nums.begin(); cn < nums.end(); cn++) {
total += *cn;
}
这大约需要 0.18 秒,这意味着数据的处理速度约为 22.2 GB/s。我在 M1 上运行它,内存带宽更高,约为 60GB/s。有没有办法让上面的代码在单核上运行得更快?
编辑:手动 SIMD 版本:
int32x4_t simd_total = vmovq_n_s32(0);
for (auto cn = nums.begin(); cn < nums.end()-3; cn +=4) {
const int32_t v[4] = {cn[0], cn[1], cn[2], cn[3]}
simd_total = vaddq_s32(simd_total, vld1q_s32(v));
}
return vaddvq_s32(simd_total);
SIMD 版本与非手动 SIMD 版本具有相同的性能。
编辑 2:好的,所以我将向量元素更改为 uint32_t 并将结果类型更改为 uint32_t(如@Peter Cordes 所建议):
uint32_t sum_ints_32(const std::vector<uint32_t>& nums) {
uint32_t total = 0;
for (auto cn = nums.begin(); cn < nums.end(); cn++) {
total += *cn;
}
return total;
}
这运行得更快(~45 GB/s)。这是反汇编:
0000000100002218 <__Z11sum_ints_32RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE>:
100002218: a940200c ldp x12, x8, [x0]
10000221c: eb08019f cmp x12, x8
100002220: 54000102 b.cs 100002240 <__Z11sum_ints_32RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE+0x28> // b.hs, b.nlast
100002224: aa2c03e9 mvn x9, x12
100002228: 8b090109 add x9, x8, x9
10000222c: f1006d3f cmp x9, #0x1b
100002230: 540000c8 b.hi 100002248 <__Z11sum_ints_32RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE+0x30> // b.pmore
100002234: 52800000 mov w0, #0x0 // #0
100002238: aa0c03e9 mov x9, x12
10000223c: 14000016 b 100002294 <__Z11sum_ints_32RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE+0x7c>
100002240: 52800000 mov w0, #0x0 // #0
100002244: d65f03c0 ret
100002248: d342fd29 lsr x9, x9, #2
10000224c: 9100052a add x10, x9, #0x1
100002250: 927ded4b and x11, x10, #0x7ffffffffffffff8
100002254: 8b0b0989 add x9, x12, x11, lsl #2
100002258: 9100418c add x12, x12, #0x10
10000225c: 6f00e400 movi v0.2d, #0x0
100002260: aa0b03ed mov x13, x11
100002264: 6f00e401 movi v1.2d, #0x0
100002268: ad7f8d82 ldp q2, q3, [x12, #-16]
10000226c: 4ea08440 add v0.4s, v2.4s, v0.4s
100002270: 4ea18461 add v1.4s, v3.4s, v1.4s
100002274: 9100818c add x12, x12, #0x20
100002278: f10021ad subs x13, x13, #0x8
10000227c: 54ffff61 b.ne 100002268 <__Z11sum_ints_32RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE+0x50> // b.any
100002280: 4ea08420 add v0.4s, v1.4s, v0.4s
100002284: 4eb1b800 addv s0, v0.4s
100002288: 1e260000 fmov w0, s0
10000228c: eb0b015f cmp x10, x11
100002290: 540000a0 b.eq 1000022a4 <__Z11sum_ints_32RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE+0x8c> // b.none
100002294: b840452a ldr w10, [x9], #4
100002298: 0b000140 add w0, w10, w0
10000229c: eb08013f cmp x9, x8
1000022a0: 54ffffa3 b.cc 100002294 <__Z11sum_ints_32RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE+0x7c> // b.lo, b.ul, b.last
1000022a4: d65f03c0 ret
我还重写了 Manual-SIMD 版本:
uint32_t sum_ints_simd_2(const std::vector<uint32_t>& nums) {
uint32x4_t simd_total = vmovq_n_u32(0);
for (auto cn = nums.begin(); cn < nums.end()-3; cn +=4) {
const uint32_t v[4] = { cn[0], cn[1], cn[2], cn[3] };
simd_total = vaddq_u32(simd_total, vld1q_u32(v));
}
return vaddvq_u32(simd_total);
}
它仍然比非手动 SIMD 版本慢 2 倍,并导致以下反汇编:
0000000100002464 <__Z15sum_ints_simd_2RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE>:
100002464: a9402408 ldp x8, x9, [x0]
100002468: d1003129 sub x9, x9, #0xc
10000246c: 6f00e400 movi v0.2d, #0x0
100002470: eb09011f cmp x8, x9
100002474: 540000c2 b.cs 10000248c <__Z15sum_ints_simd_2RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE+0x28> // b.hs, b.nlast
100002478: 6f00e400 movi v0.2d, #0x0
10000247c: 3cc10501 ldr q1, [x8], #16
100002480: 4ea08420 add v0.4s, v1.4s, v0.4s
100002484: eb09011f cmp x8, x9
100002488: 54ffffa3 b.cc 10000247c <__Z15sum_ints_simd_2RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE+0x18> // b.lo, b.ul, b.last
10000248c: 4eb1b800 addv s0, v0.4s
100002490: 1e260000 fmov w0, s0
100002494: d65f03c0 ret
为了达到与自动矢量化版本相同的速度,我们可以在手动 SIMD 版本中使用 uint32x4x2 而不是 uint32x4:
uint32_t sum_ints_simd_3(const std::vector<uint32_t>& nums) {
uint32x4x2_t simd_total;
simd_total.val[0] = vmovq_n_u32(0);
simd_total.val[1] = vmovq_n_u32(0);
for (auto cn = nums.begin(); cn < nums.end()-7; cn +=8) {
const uint32_t v[4] = { cn[0], cn[1], cn[2], cn[3] };
const uint32_t v2[4] = { cn[4], cn[5], cn[6], cn[7] };
simd_total.val[0] = vaddq_u32(simd_total.val[0], vld1q_u32(v));
simd_total.val[1] = vaddq_u32(simd_total.val[1], vld1q_u32(v2));
}
return vaddvq_u32(simd_total.val[0]) + vaddvq_u32(simd_total.val[1]);
}
为了获得更快的速度,我们可以利用 uint32x4x4(这让我们获得大约 ~53 GB/s):
uint32_t sum_ints_simd_4(const std::vector<uint32_t>& nums) {
uint32x4x4_t simd_total;
simd_total.val[0] = vmovq_n_u32(0);
simd_total.val[1] = vmovq_n_u32(0);
simd_total.val[2] = vmovq_n_u32(0);
simd_total.val[3] = vmovq_n_u32(0);
for (auto cn = nums.begin(); cn < nums.end()-15; cn +=16) {
const uint32_t v[4] = { cn[0], cn[1], cn[2], cn[3] };
const uint32_t v2[4] = { cn[4], cn[5], cn[6], cn[7] };
const uint32_t v3[4] = { cn[8], cn[9], cn[10], cn[11] };
const uint32_t v4[4] = { cn[12], cn[13], cn[14], cn[15] };
simd_total.val[0] = vaddq_u32(simd_total.val[0], vld1q_u32(v));
simd_total.val[1] = vaddq_u32(simd_total.val[1], vld1q_u32(v2));
simd_total.val[2] = vaddq_u32(simd_total.val[2], vld1q_u32(v3));
simd_total.val[3] = vaddq_u32(simd_total.val[3], vld1q_u32(v4));
}
return vaddvq_u32(simd_total.val[0])
+ vaddvq_u32(simd_total.val[1])
+ vaddvq_u32(simd_total.val[2])
+ vaddvq_u32(simd_total.val[3]);
}
这让我们得到以下反汇编:
0000000100005e34 <__Z15sum_ints_simd_4RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE>:
100005e34: a9402408 ldp x8, x9, [x0]
100005e38: d100f129 sub x9, x9, #0x3c
100005e3c: 6f00e403 movi v3.2d, #0x0
100005e40: 6f00e402 movi v2.2d, #0x0
100005e44: 6f00e401 movi v1.2d, #0x0
100005e48: 6f00e400 movi v0.2d, #0x0
100005e4c: eb09011f cmp x8, x9
100005e50: 540001c2 b.cs 100005e88 <__Z15sum_ints_simd_4RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE+0x54> // b.hs, b.nlast
100005e54: 6f00e400 movi v0.2d, #0x0
100005e58: 6f00e401 movi v1.2d, #0x0
100005e5c: 6f00e402 movi v2.2d, #0x0
100005e60: 6f00e403 movi v3.2d, #0x0
100005e64: ad401504 ldp q4, q5, [x8]
100005e68: ad411d06 ldp q6, q7, [x8, #32]
100005e6c: 4ea38483 add v3.4s, v4.4s, v3.4s
100005e70: 4ea284a2 add v2.4s, v5.4s, v2.4s
100005e74: 4ea184c1 add v1.4s, v6.4s, v1.4s
100005e78: 4ea084e0 add v0.4s, v7.4s, v0.4s
100005e7c: 91010108 add x8, x8, #0x40
100005e80: eb09011f cmp x8, x9
100005e84: 54ffff03 b.cc 100005e64 <__Z15sum_ints_simd_4RKNSt3__16vectorIjNS_9allocatorIjEEEE+0x30> // b.lo, b.ul, b.last
100005e88: 4eb1b863 addv s3, v3.4s
100005e8c: 1e260068 fmov w8, s3
100005e90: 4eb1b842 addv s2, v2.4s
100005e94: 1e260049 fmov w9, s2
100005e98: 0b080128 add w8, w9, w8
100005e9c: 4eb1b821 addv s1, v1.4s
100005ea0: 1e260029 fmov w9, s1
100005ea4: 0b090108 add w8, w8, w9
100005ea8: 4eb1b800 addv s0, v0.4s
100005eac: 1e260009 fmov w9, s0
100005eb0: 0b090100 add w0, w8, w9
100005eb4: d65f03c0 ret
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