7

我想使用 python、gdal 和 numpy 创建一些高程/高度场栅格。我被困在 numpy 上(可能还有 python 和 gdal。)

在 numpy 中,我一直在尝试以下操作:

>>> a= numpy.linspace(4,1,4, endpoint=True)
>>> b= numpy.vstack(a)
>>> c=numpy.repeat(b,4,axis=1)
>>> c
array([[ 4.,  4.,  4.,  4.],
       [ 3.,  3.,  3.,  3.],
       [ 2.,  2.,  2.,  2.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.]]) #This is the elevation data I want

从 osgeo 导入 gdal 从 gdalconst 导入 *

>>> format = "Terragen"
>>> driver = gdal.GetDriverByName(format)    
>>> dst_ds = driver.Create('test.ter', 4,4,1,gdal.GDT_Float32, ['MINUSERPIXELVALUE = 1',                                                             'MAXUSERPIXELVALUE= 4']) 
>>> raster = numpy.zeros((4,4), dtype=numpy.float32) #this is where I'm messing up
>>> dst_ds.GetRasterBand(1).WriteArray(raster) # gives the null elevation data I asked for in (raster) 
0
>>> dst_ds = None

我想我错过了一些简单的东西,期待你的建议。

谢谢,

克里斯

(稍后继续)

  • terragendataset.cpp,v 1.2 *
    • 项目:Terragen(tm) TER 驱动程序
    • 目的:Terragen TER 文档的阅读器
    • 作者:Ray Gardener,Daylon Graphics Ltd. *
    • 该模块的部分来自 GDAL 驱动程序
    • 弗兰克·沃默丹,见http://www.gdal.org

我提前向 Ray Gardener 和 Frank Warmerdam 道歉。

Terragen 格式说明:

对于写入:SCAL = gridpost 距离,以米为单位 hv_px = hv_m / SCAL span_px = span_m / SCAL offset = 参见 TerragenDataset::write_header() scale = see TerragenDataset::write_header() 物理 hv = (hv_px - offset) * 65536.0/scale

我们告诉来电者:

    Elevations are Int16 when reading, 
    and Float32 when writing. We need logical 
    elevations when writing so that we can 
    encode them with as much precision as possible 
    when going down to physical 16-bit ints.
    Implementing band::SetScale/SetOffset won't work because 
    it requires callers to know format write details.
    So we've added two Create() options that let the 
    caller tell us the span's logical extent, and with 
    those two values we can convert to physical pixels.

            ds::SetGeoTransform() lets us establish the
        size of ground pixels.
    ds::SetProjection() lets us establish what
        units ground measures are in (also needed 
        to calc the size of ground pixels).
    band::SetUnitType() tells us what units
        the given Float32 elevations are in.

这告诉我,在上面的 WriteArray(somearray) 之前,我必须同时设置 GeoTransform 和 SetProjection 以及 SetUnitType 才能工作(可能)

来自 GDAL API 教程:Python import osr import numpy

dst_ds.SetGeoTransform( [ 444720, 30, 0, 3751320, 0, -30 ] )

srs = osr.SpatialReference()
srs.SetUTM( 11, 1 )
srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS( 'NAD27' )
dst_ds.SetProjection( srs.ExportToWkt() )

raster = numpy.zeros( (512, 512), dtype=numpy.uint8 ) #we've seen this before   
dst_ds.GetRasterBand(1).WriteArray( raster )

# Once we're done, close properly the dataset
dst_ds = None 

我很抱歉创建了一个过长的帖子和一个忏悔。如果我做对了,将所有笔记放在一个地方(长篇文章)会很好。

忏悔录:

我之前拍摄了一张照片(jpeg),将其转换为 geotiff,并将其作为瓷砖导入 PostGIS 数据库。我现在正在尝试创建用于覆盖图片的高程栅格。这可能看起来很愚蠢,但我希望向一位艺术家致敬,同时又不冒犯那些辛勤工作以创造和改进这些伟大工具的人。

这位艺术家是比利时人,所以米是有序的。她在纽约曼哈顿下城工作,因此,UTM 18。现在一些合理的 SetGeoTransform。上面提到的图片是w=3649/h=2736,我得考虑一下。

另一个尝试:

>>> format = "Terragen"
>>> driver = gdal.GetDriverByName(format)
>>> dst_ds = driver.Create('test_3.ter', 4,4,1, gdal.GDT_Float32, ['MINUSERPIXELVALUE=1','MAXUSERPIXELVALUE-4']) 
>>> type(dst_ds)
<class 'osgeo.gdal.Dataset'>
>>> import osr
>>> dst_ds.SetGeoTransform([582495, 1, 0.5, 4512717, 0.5, -1]) #x-res 0.5, y_res 0.5 a guess
0
>>> type(dst_ds)
<class 'osgeo.gdal.Dataset'>
>>> srs = osr.SpatialReference()
>>> srs.SetUTM(18,1)
0
>>> srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS('WGS84')
0
>>> dst_ds.SetProjection(srs.ExportToWkt())
0
>>> raster = c.astype(numpy.float32)
>>> dst_ds.GetRasterBand(1).WriteArray(raster)
0
>>> dst_ds = None
>>> from osgeo import gdalinfo
>>> gdalinfo.main(['foo', 'test_3.ter'])
Driver: Terragen/Terragen heightfield
Files: test_3.ter
Size is 4, 4
Coordinate System is:
LOCAL_CS["Terragen world space",
    UNIT["m",1]]
Origin = (0.000000000000000,0.000000000000000)
Pixel Size = (1.000000000000000,1.000000000000000)
Metadata:
  AREA_OR_POINT=Point
Corner Coordinates:
Upper Left  (   0.0000000,   0.0000000) 
Lower Left  (   0.0000000,   4.0000000) 
Upper Right (   4.0000000,   0.0000000) 
Lower Right (   4.0000000,   4.0000000) 
Center      (   2.0000000,   2.0000000) 
Band 1 Block=4x1 Type=Int16, ColorInterp=Undefined
  Unit Type: m
Offset: 2,   Scale:7.62939453125e-05
0

显然越来越近,但不清楚 SetUTM(18,1) 是否被拾取。这是哈德逊河中的 4x4 还是 Local_CS(坐标系)?什么是无声的失败?

更多阅读

// Terragen files aren't really georeferenced, but 
// we should get the projection's linear units so 
// that we can scale elevations correctly.

// Increase the heightscale until the physical span
// fits within a 16-bit range. The smaller the logical span,
// the more necessary this becomes.

4x4 米是一个相当小的逻辑跨度。

所以,也许这是最好的。SetGeoTransform 得到正确的单位,设置比例,你就有了你的 Terragen 世界空间。

最后的想法:我不编程,但在某种程度上我可以跟随。也就是说,我首先想知道我的小 Terragen 世界空间中的数据是否以及是什么样的(以下感谢http://www.gis.usu.edu/~chrisg/python/2009/第 4 周):

>>> fn = 'test_3.ter'
>>> ds = gdal.Open(fn, GA_ReadOnly)
>>> band = ds.GetRasterBand(1)
>>> data = band.ReadAsArray(0,0,1,1)
>>> data
array([[26214]], dtype=int16)
>>> data = band.ReadAsArray(0,0,4,4)
>>> data
array([[ 26214,  26214,  26214,  26214],
       [ 13107,  13107,  13107,  13107],
       [     0,      0,      0,      0],
       [-13107, -13107, -13107, -13107]], dtype=int16)
>>>

所以这是令人欣慰的。我想上面使用的 numpy c 和这个结果之间的区别在于在这个非常小的逻辑跨度上应用 Float16 的操作。

然后到'hf2':

>>> src_ds = gdal.Open('test_3.ter')
>>> dst_ds = driver.CreateCopy('test_6.hf2', src_ds, 0)
>>> dst_ds.SetGeoTransform([582495,1,0.5,4512717,0.5,-1])
0
>>> srs = osr.SpatialReference()
>>> srs.SetUTM(18,1)
0
>>> srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS('WGS84')
0
>>> dst_ds.SetProjection( srs.ExportToWkt())
0
>>> dst_ds = None
>>> src_ds = None
>>> gdalinfo.main(['foo','test_6.hf2'])
Driver: HF2/HF2/HFZ heightfield raster
Files: test_6.hf2
   test_6.hf2.aux.xml
Size is 4, 4
Coordinate System is:
PROJCS["UTM Zone 18, Northern Hemisphere",
    GEOGCS["WGS 84",
        DATUM["WGS_1984",
            SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
            AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],
        TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],
        AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],
    PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
        AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],
    UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,
        AUTHORITY["EPSG","9108"]],
    AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]],
PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],
PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],
PARAMETER["central_meridian",-75],
PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],
PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],
PARAMETER["false_northing",0],
UNIT["Meter",1]]
Origin = (0.000000000000000,0.000000000000000)
Pixel Size = (1.000000000000000,1.000000000000000)
Metadata:
 VERTICAL_PRECISION=1.000000
Corner Coordinates:
Upper Left  (   0.0000000,   0.0000000) ( 79d29'19.48"W,  0d 0' 0.01"N)
Lower Left  (   0.0000000,   4.0000000) ( 79d29'19.48"W,  0d 0' 0.13"N)
Upper Right (   4.0000000,   0.0000000) ( 79d29'19.35"W,  0d 0' 0.01"N)
Lower Right (   4.0000000,   4.0000000) ( 79d29'19.35"W,  0d 0' 0.13"N)
Center      (   2.0000000,   2.0000000) ( 79d29'19.41"W,  0d 0' 0.06"N)
Band 1 Block=256x1 Type=Float32, ColorInterp=Undefined
Unit Type: m
0
>>> 

几乎完全令人满意,虽然看起来我在 La Concordia 秘鲁。所以我必须弄清楚如何说-like more north, like New York North。SetUTM 是否采用第三个元素来暗示北或南“多远”。似乎我昨天遇到了一个带有字母标签区域的 UTM 图表,比如赤道的 C 和纽约地区的 T 或 S。

我实际上认为 SetGeoTransform 本质上是建立左上角的北向和东向,这影响了 SetUTM 的“北/南多远”部分。转到 gdal-dev。

后来还是:

帕丁顿熊去秘鲁是因为他有一张票。我到那里是因为我说那是我想去的地方。Terragen 以它的方式工作,给了我我的像素空间。随后对 srs 的调用作用于 hf2 (SetUTM),但东移和北移是在 Terragen 下建立的,因此 UTM 18 已设置,但位于赤道的边界框内。够好了。

gdal_translate 带我去了纽约。我在windows中,所以是命令行。和结果;

C:\Program Files\GDAL>gdalinfo c:/python27/test_9.hf2
Driver: HF2/HF2/HFZ heightfield raster
Files: c:/python27/test_9.hf2
Size is 4, 4
Coordinate System is:
PROJCS["UTM Zone 18, Northern Hemisphere",
GEOGCS["NAD83",
    DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983",
        SPHEROID["GRS 1980",6378137,298.257222101,
            AUTHORITY["EPSG","7019"]],
        TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],
        AUTHORITY["EPSG","6269"]],
    PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
        AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],
    UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,
        AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],
    AUTHORITY["EPSG","4269"]],
PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],
PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],
PARAMETER["central_meridian",-75],
PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],
PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],
PARAMETER["false_northing",0],
UNIT["Meter",1]]
Origin = (583862.000000000000000,4510893.000000000000000)
Pixel Size = (-1.000000000000000,-1.000000000000000)
Metadata:
VERTICAL_PRECISION=0.010000
Corner Coordinates:
Upper Left  (  583862.000, 4510893.000) ( 74d 0'24.04"W, 40d44'40.97"N)
Lower Left  (  583862.000, 4510889.000) ( 74d 0'24.04"W, 40d44'40.84"N)
Upper Right (  583858.000, 4510893.000) ( 74d 0'24.21"W, 40d44'40.97"N)
Lower Right (  583858.000, 4510889.000) ( 74d 0'24.21"W, 40d44'40.84"N)
Center      (  583860.000, 4510891.000) ( 74d 0'24.13"W, 40d44'40.91"N)
Band 1 Block=256x1 Type=Float32, ColorInterp=Undefined
Unit Type: m

C:\Program Files\GDAL>

所以,我们回到了纽约。可能有更好的方法来处理这一切。我必须有一个接受 Create 的目标,因为我也从 numpy 假设/即兴创作数据集。我需要查看其他允许创建的格式。GeoTiff 中的海拔是一种可能性(我认为。)

感谢所有评论、建议和对适当阅读的温和推动。用python制作地图很有趣!

克里斯

4

1 回答 1

5

你离得并不远。您唯一的问题是 GDAL 创建选项的语法问题。代替:

['MINUSERPIXELVALUE = 1','MAXUSERPIXELVALUE= 4']

键/值对前后没有空格:

['MINUSERPIXELVALUE=1', 'MAXUSERPIXELVALUE=4']

检查type(dst_ds)它应该是<class 'osgeo.gdal.Dataset'>而不是<type 'NoneType'>像上述情况那样无声失败。


更新默认情况下,不显示警告或异常。您可以通过启用它们gdal.UseExceptions()以查看下面的滴答声,例如:

>>> from osgeo import gdal
>>> gdal.UseExceptions()
>>> driver = gdal.GetDriverByName('Terragen')
>>> dst_ds = driver.Create('test.ter', 4,4,1,gdal.GDT_Float32, ['MINUSERPIXELVALUE = 1', 'MAXUSERPIXELVALUE= 4'])
Warning 6: Driver Terragen does not support MINUSERPIXELVALUE  creation option
>>> dst_ds = driver.Create('test.ter', 4,4,1,gdal.GDT_Float32, ['MINUSERPIXELVALUE=1', 'MAXUSERPIXELVALUE=4'])
>>> type(dst_ds)
<class 'osgeo.gdal.Dataset'>
于 2011-06-12T04:47:54.537 回答