15

考虑这段代码:

class Foo1(dict):
    def __getattr__(self, key): return self[key]
    def __setattr__(self, key, value): self[key] = value

class Foo2(dict):
    __getattr__ = dict.__getitem__
    __setattr__ = dict.__setitem__

o1 = Foo1()
o1.x = 42
print(o1, o1.x)

o2 = Foo2()
o2.x = 42
print(o2, o2.x)

我希望得到相同的输出。但是,使用 CPython 2.5、2.6(类似于 3.2)我得到:

({'x': 42}, 42)
({}, 42)

使用 PyPy 1.5.0,我得到了预期的输出:

({'x': 42}, 42)
({'x': 42}, 42)

哪个是“正确”的输出?(或者根据 Python 文档的输出应该是什么?)


是 CPython 的错误报告。

4

3 回答 3

7

我怀疑它与查找优化有关。从源代码:

 /* speed hack: we could use lookup_maybe, but that would resolve the
       method fully for each attribute lookup for classes with
       __getattr__, even when the attribute is present. So we use
       _PyType_Lookup and create the method only when needed, with
       call_attribute. */
    getattr = _PyType_Lookup(tp, getattr_str);
    if (getattr == NULL) {
        /* No __getattr__ hook: use a simpler dispatcher */
        tp->tp_getattro = slot_tp_getattro;
        return slot_tp_getattro(self, name);
    }

快速路径不会在类字典中查找它。

因此,获得所需功能的最佳方法是在类中放置一个覆盖方法。

class AttrDict(dict):
    """A dictionary with attribute-style access. It maps attribute access to
    the real dictionary.  """
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        dict.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, dict.__repr__(self))

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        return super(AttrDict, self).__setitem__(key, value)

    def __getitem__(self, name):
        return super(AttrDict, self).__getitem__(name)

    def __delitem__(self, name):
        return super(AttrDict, self).__delitem__(name)

    __getattr__ = __getitem__
    __setattr__ = __setitem__

     def copy(self):
        return AttrDict(self)

我发现它按预期工作。

于 2011-06-10T11:30:15.680 回答
3

这是一个已知的(也许不是那么好)有据可查的差异。PyPy 不区分函数和内置函数。在 CPython 中,当存储在类中时,函数会被绑定为未绑定的方法(具有 __get__),而内置函数则不会(它们不同)。

然而,在 PyPy 下,内置函数与 python 函数完全相同,因此解释器无法区分它们并将它们视为 python 级函数。我认为这被定义为实现细节,尽管在 python-dev 上有一些关于消除这个特殊差异的讨论。

干杯,
菲亚尔

于 2011-06-10T11:26:41.387 回答
1

请注意以下事项:

>>> dict.__getitem__ # it's a 'method'
<method '__getitem__' of 'dict' objects> 
>>> dict.__setitem__ # it's a 'slot wrapper'
<slot wrapper '__setitem__' of 'dict' objects> 

>>> id(dict.__dict__['__getitem__']) == id(dict.__getitem__) # no bounding here
True
>>> id(dict.__dict__['__setitem__']) == id(dict.__setitem__) # or here either
True

>>> d = {}
>>> dict.__setitem__(d, 1, 2) # can be called directly (since not bound)
>>> dict.__getitem__(d, 1)    # same with this
2

现在我们可以包装它们(__getattr__即使没有它也可以工作):

class Foo1(dict):
    def __getattr__(self, key): return self[key]
    def __setattr__(self, key, value): self[key] = value

class Foo2(dict):
    """
    It seems, 'slot wrappers' are not bound when present in the __dict__ 
    of a class and retrieved from it via instance (or class either).
    But 'methods' are, hence simple assignment works with __setitem__ 
    in your original example.
    """
    __setattr__ = lambda *args: dict.__setitem__(*args)
    __getattr__ = lambda *args: dict.__getitem__(*args) # for uniformity, or 
    #__getattr__ = dict.__getitem__                     # this way, i.e. directly


o1 = Foo1()
o1.x = 42
print(o1, o1.x)

o2 = Foo2()
o2.x = 42
print(o2, o2.x)

这使:

>>>
({'x': 42}, 42)
({'x': 42}, 42)

有问题的行为背后的机制(可能,我不是专家)在 Python 的“干净”子集之外(如“Learning Python”或“Python in a nutshell”等详尽书籍中所述,并且在 python 中有些松散地指定。 org) 并且属于由实现“按原样”记录的语言部分(并且受到(相当)频繁的更改)。

于 2011-06-17T23:12:05.993 回答