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背景资料


我正在为我在 Tensorflow 2020 峰会上发现的每一个有趣的演讲创建Google Colabs 。作为说明,我使用的是 Tensorflow 2.1。


我在尝试实施'Learning To Read With Tensorflow'谈话时遇到了问题。


在我们得到EncoderDecoder类定义之前,一切都很顺利。当我在我的自定义子类上实现 fit 方法时,Model我收到一个错误,将在下面详细说明。

最后一个显着错误是AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'dtype'

但是,我认为这是由于GradientTape范围代码内的问题和/或Decoder Layers(包括Attention Layers)定义的问题



主要代码

# Not normally defined here... but doing so for clarity
MAX_VOCAB_SIZE = 5000
WINDOW_LENGTH = 11

class EncoderDecoder(tf.keras.Model):
    def __init__(self, 
                 max_features=MAX_VOCAB_SIZE, 
                 output_seq_len=WINDOW_LENGTH-1,
                 embedding_dims=200,
                 rnn_units=512):

        super().__init__()

        self.max_features = max_features
        self.output_seq_len = output_seq_len
        self.embedding_dims = embedding_dims
        self.rnn_units = rnn_units

        self.vectorize_layer = \
            tf.keras.layers.experimental.preprocessing.TextVectorization(
                max_tokens=self.max_features,
                standardize='lower_and_strip_punctuation',
                split='whitespace', 
                ngrams=None, 
                output_mode='int',
                output_sequence_length=self.output_seq_len, 
                pad_to_max_tokens=True)

        # --- <ENCODER STUFF> ---
        # Embedding
        self.encoder_embedding = \
            tf.keras.layers.Embedding(input_dim=self.max_features+1,
                                      output_dim=self.embedding_dims)

        # ENCODER
        self.lstm_layer = \
            tf.keras.layers.LSTM(units=self.rnn_units, 
                                 return_state=True)
        # --- </ENCODER STUFF> ---        

        # --- <DECODER STUFF> ---
        # Embedding
        self.decoder_embedding = \
            tf.keras.layers.Embedding(input_dim=self.max_features+1,
                                      output_dim=self.embedding_dims)

        # ---------------- MAYBE NOT NECESSARY ----------------
        # Sampler (for use during training)
        # This was not shown during the talk but it is pretty obvious
        sampler = tfa.seq2seq.sampler.TrainingSampler()

        # This was not shown during the talk but is required... 
        # This is my best guess
        decoder_cell = tf.keras.layers.LSTMCell(units=self.rnn_units)
        # ---------------- MAYBE NOT NECESSARY ----------------

        # Output Layer For Decoder
        self.projection_layer = \
            tf.keras.layers.Dense(self.max_features)

        # DECODER
        self.decoder = \
            tfa.seq2seq.BasicDecoder(cell=decoder_cell,
                                     sampler=sampler,
                                     output_layer=self.projection_layer)
        # --- </DECODER STUFF> ---

        # --- <ATTN STUFF> ---
        # Basic dense attention layer to connect Encoder & Decoder
        self.attention = tf.keras.layers.Attention()
        # --- </ATTN STUFF> ---

    def train_step(self, data):
        """ Overwrite built-in train_step method

        Args:
            data (tuple): The example (ten `words`), and the label (one `word`)

        Returns:
            Metric results for all passed metrics
        """

        # Split data into example (x) and label (y)
        x, y = data[0], data[1]

        # Vectorize the example words (x)
        x = self.vectorize_layer(x)

        # Vectorize the labels
        # This will by default pad the output to 10 ... but we only need the
        # first entry (the true label not the useless padding)
        y = self.vectorize_layer(y)[:, 0]

        # Convert our label into a one-hot encoding based on the max number of
        # features that we will be using for our model
        y_one_hot = tf.one_hot(y, self.max_features)

        # Everything within GradientTape is recorded 
        # for later automatic differentiation
        with tf.GradientTape() as tape:

            # --- <ENCODER STUFF> ---

            # Transform the example utilizing the encoder embedding
            inputs = self.encoder_embedding(x)

            # Get the encoder outputs and state by 
            # utilizing the encoder (lstm_layer)
            #   - encoder_outputs : [max_time, batch_size, num_units]
            #   - encoder_state   : [state_h, state_c]
            #       * state_h --- The Hidden State
            #       * state_c --- The Cell   State
            encoder_outputs, state_h, state_c = self.lstm_layer(inputs)

            # --- </ENCODER STUFF> ---

            # --- <ATTN STUFF> ---

            # Pass the encoder outputs and hidden state allowing us
            # to track the intermediate state coming out of the encoder layers
            attn_output = self.attention([encoder_outputs, state_h])
            attn_output = tf.expand_dims(attn_output, axis=1)

            # --- </ATTN STUFF> ---

            # --- <DECODER STUFF> ---

            # ??? Create an empty embedding ???
            targets = self.decoder_embedding(tf.zeros_like(y))

            # Concat the output of the attention layer to the last axis
            # of the empty targets embedding
            concat_output = tf.concat([targets, attn_output], axis=-1)

            # Predict the targets using the state from the encoder
            outputs, _, _ = \
                self.decoder(concat_output, initial_state=[state_h, state_c])

            # --- </DECODER STUFF> ---

        # Automatically differeniate utilizing the loss and trainable variables
        gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_variables)

        # Collect the outputs so that they can be optimized
        self.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_variables))

        # Update the metric state prior to return
        self.compiled_metrics.update_state(y_one_hot, y_pred)

        return {m.name: m.result() for m in self.metrics}


model = EncoderDecoder()

model.compile(loss=tf.keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(),
              optimizer="adam",
              metrics=["accuracy"])

model.vectorize_layer.adapt(lines.batch(256))

# ERROR OCCURS ON THIS LINE
model.fit(data.batch(256),
          epochs=45,
          callbacks=[tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(filepath='text_gen')])



详细的错误信息

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-40-779906f7f617> in <module>()
      1 model.fit(data.batch(256),
      2           epochs=45,
----> 3           callbacks=[tf.keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(filepath='text_gen')])

8 frames
/tensorflow-2.1.0/python3.6/tensorflow_core/python/keras/engine/training.py in fit(self, x, y, batch_size, epochs, verbose, callbacks, validation_split, validation_data, shuffle, class_weight, sample_weight, initial_epoch, steps_per_epoch, validation_steps, validation_freq, max_queue_size, workers, use_multiprocessing, **kwargs)
    817         max_queue_size=max_queue_size,
    818         workers=workers,
--> 819         use_multiprocessing=use_multiprocessing)
    820 
    821   def evaluate(self,

/tensorflow-2.1.0/python3.6/tensorflow_core/python/keras/engine/training_v2.py in fit(self, model, x, y, batch_size, epochs, verbose, callbacks, validation_split, validation_data, shuffle, class_weight, sample_weight, initial_epoch, steps_per_epoch, validation_steps, validation_freq, max_queue_size, workers, use_multiprocessing, **kwargs)
    233           max_queue_size=max_queue_size,
    234           workers=workers,
--> 235           use_multiprocessing=use_multiprocessing)
    236 
    237       total_samples = _get_total_number_of_samples(training_data_adapter)

/tensorflow-2.1.0/python3.6/tensorflow_core/python/keras/engine/training_v2.py in _process_training_inputs(model, x, y, batch_size, epochs, sample_weights, class_weights, steps_per_epoch, validation_split, validation_data, validation_steps, shuffle, distribution_strategy, max_queue_size, workers, use_multiprocessing)
    591         max_queue_size=max_queue_size,
    592         workers=workers,
--> 593         use_multiprocessing=use_multiprocessing)
    594     val_adapter = None
    595     if validation_data:

/tensorflow-2.1.0/python3.6/tensorflow_core/python/keras/engine/training_v2.py in _process_inputs(model, mode, x, y, batch_size, epochs, sample_weights, class_weights, shuffle, steps, distribution_strategy, max_queue_size, workers, use_multiprocessing)
    704       max_queue_size=max_queue_size,
    705       workers=workers,
--> 706       use_multiprocessing=use_multiprocessing)
    707 
    708   return adapter

/tensorflow-2.1.0/python3.6/tensorflow_core/python/keras/engine/data_adapter.py in __init__(self, x, y, sample_weights, standardize_function, **kwargs)
    700 
    701     if standardize_function is not None:
--> 702       x = standardize_function(x)
    703 
    704     # Note that the dataset instance is immutable, its fine to reusing the user

/tensorflow-2.1.0/python3.6/tensorflow_core/python/keras/engine/training_v2.py in standardize_function(dataset)
    658         model.sample_weight_mode = getattr(model, 'sample_weight_mode', None)
    659 
--> 660       standardize(dataset, extract_tensors_from_dataset=False)
    661 
    662       # Then we map using only the tensor standardization portion.

/tensorflow-2.1.0/python3.6/tensorflow_core/python/keras/engine/training.py in _standardize_user_data(self, x, y, sample_weight, class_weight, batch_size, check_steps, steps_name, steps, validation_split, shuffle, extract_tensors_from_dataset)
   2358     is_compile_called = False
   2359     if not self._is_compiled and self.optimizer:
-> 2360       self._compile_from_inputs(all_inputs, y_input, x, y)
   2361       is_compile_called = True
   2362 

/tensorflow-2.1.0/python3.6/tensorflow_core/python/keras/engine/training.py in _compile_from_inputs(self, all_inputs, target, orig_inputs, orig_target)
   2578       if training_utils.has_tensors(target):
   2579         target = training_utils.cast_if_floating_dtype_and_mismatch(
-> 2580             target, self.outputs)
   2581       training_utils.validate_input_types(target, orig_target,
   2582                                           allow_dict=False, field_name='target')

/tensorflow-2.1.0/python3.6/tensorflow_core/python/keras/engine/training_utils.py in cast_if_floating_dtype_and_mismatch(targets, outputs)
   1334   if tensor_util.is_tensor(targets):
   1335     # There is one target, so output[0] should be the only output.
-> 1336     return cast_single_tensor(targets, dtype=outputs[0].dtype)
   1337   new_targets = []
   1338   for target, out in zip(targets, outputs):

AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'dtype'


如果希望复制,如何获取data和变量lines

获取数据

>>> wget http://www.thespermwhale.com/jaseweston/babi/CBTest.tgz
>>> tar zxvf CBTest.tgz
>>> rm -rf CBTest.tgz

预处理数据

# Load data from a dataset comprising lines 
# from one or more text files.
lines = tf.data.TextLineDataset("<path-to>/cbt_train.txt")

# Filter Out Title Lines First 
# This simple fn not included in this stackoverflow code
lines = lines.filter(lambda x: not is_title(x))

# Then We Remove All Punctuation 
# This simple fn not included in this stackoverflow code
lines = lines.map(lambda x: remove_punc(x))

# Then We Remove All Extra Spaces Created By The Previous FN
# This simple fn not included in this stackoverflow code
lines = lines.map(lambda x: remove_extra_spaces(x))

# Then We Turn All The Uppercase Letters into Lowercase Letters
# This simple fn not included in this stackoverflow code
lines = lines.map(lambda x: make_lower(x))

# Get words from lines
words = lines.map(tf.strings.split)
words = words.unbatch()

# Get wordsets
wordsets = words.batch(11)

# get_example_label is a simple fn to split wordsets into examples and labels
# First ten words are the example and last word is the label
data = wordsets.map(get_example_label)

# Shuffle
data = data.shuffle(1024)
参考

提前致谢!!

4

1 回答 1

0

更新

似乎 Tensorflow 已经发布了教程,详细介绍了在峰会上进行的所有演示。

结果是您可以检查实际代码并确定他们的代码和您的代码之间的差异。我不会在这里发布差异,因为它们比我最初想象的更重要


链接


其他资源

当我联系 Tensorflow 时,他们还建议我查看Transformer 教程,该教程详细介绍了如何实现复杂的编码器-解码器和自注意力网络。



希望这些资源能帮到你!


于 2020-04-13T13:37:06.583 回答