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我正在使用 Linux 定期计时器,特别是 ,timerfd我将其设置为定期到期,例如每 200 毫秒。

然而,我注意到,相对于我设置的超时,计时器似乎有时会提前一点到期。

特别是,我使用以下 C 代码来执行一个简单的测试:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <sys/timerfd.h>
#include <sys/time.h>

#define NO_FLAGS_TIMER 0
#define NUM_TESTS 10

// Function to perform the difference between two struct timeval.
// The operation which is performed is out = out - in
static inline int timevalSub(struct timeval *in, struct timeval *out) {
    time_t original_out_tv_sec=out->tv_sec;

    if (out->tv_usec < in->tv_usec) {
        int nsec = (in->tv_usec - out->tv_usec) / 1000000 + 1;
        in->tv_usec -= 1000000 * nsec;
        in->tv_sec += nsec;
    }

    if (out->tv_usec - in->tv_usec > 1000000) {
        int nsec = (out->tv_usec - in->tv_usec) / 1000000;
        in->tv_usec += 1000000 * nsec;
        in->tv_sec -= nsec;
    }

    out->tv_sec-=in->tv_sec;
    out->tv_usec-=in->tv_usec;

    // '1' is returned when the result is negative
    return original_out_tv_sec < in->tv_sec;
}

// Function to create a timerfd and set it with a periodic timeout of 'time_ms', in milliseconds
int timerCreateAndSet(struct pollfd *timerMon,int *clockFd,uint64_t time_ms) {
    struct itimerspec new_value;
    time_t sec;
    long nanosec;

    // Create monotonic (increasing) timer
    *clockFd=timerfd_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC,NO_FLAGS_TIMER);
    if(*clockFd==-1) {
        return -1;
    }

    // Convert time, in ms, to seconds and nanoseconds
    sec=(time_t) ((time_ms)/1000);
    nanosec=1000000*time_ms-sec*1000000000;
    new_value.it_value.tv_nsec=nanosec;
    new_value.it_value.tv_sec=sec;
    new_value.it_interval.tv_nsec=nanosec;
    new_value.it_interval.tv_sec=sec;

    // Fill pollfd structure
    timerMon->fd=*clockFd;
    timerMon->revents=0;
    timerMon->events=POLLIN;

    // Start timer
    if(timerfd_settime(*clockFd,NO_FLAGS_TIMER,&new_value,NULL)==-1) {
        close(*clockFd);
        return -2;
    }

    return 0;
}


int main(void) {
    struct timeval tv,tv_prev,tv_curr;
    int clockFd;
    struct pollfd timerMon;
    unsigned long long junk;

    gettimeofday(&tv,NULL);
    timerCreateAndSet(&timerMon,&clockFd,200); // 200 ms periodic expiration time

    tv_prev=tv;

    for(int a=0;a<NUM_TESTS;a++) {
        // No error check on poll() just for the sake of brevity...
        // The final code should contain a check on the return value of poll()
        poll(&timerMon,1,-1);
        (void) read(clockFd,&junk,sizeof(junk));

        gettimeofday(&tv,NULL);
        tv_curr=tv;
        if(timevalSub(&tv_prev,&tv_curr)) {
            fprintf(stdout,"Error! Negative timestamps. The test will be interrupted now.\n");
            break;
        }
        printf("Iteration: %d - curr. timestamp: %lu.%lu - elapsed after %f ms - real est. delta_t %f ms\n",a,tv.tv_sec,tv.tv_usec,200.0,
            (tv_curr.tv_sec*1000000+tv_curr.tv_usec)/1000.0);

        tv_prev=tv;
    }

    return 0;
}

用 gcc 编译后:

gcc -o timertest_stackoverflow timertest_stackoverflow.c

我得到以下输出:

Iteration: 0 - curr. timestamp: 1583491102.833748 - elapsed after 200.000000 ms - real est. delta_t 200.112000 ms
Iteration: 1 - curr. timestamp: 1583491103.33690 - elapsed after 200.000000 ms - real est. delta_t 199.942000 ms
Iteration: 2 - curr. timestamp: 1583491103.233687 - elapsed after 200.000000 ms - real est. delta_t 199.997000 ms
Iteration: 3 - curr. timestamp: 1583491103.433737 - elapsed after 200.000000 ms - real est. delta_t 200.050000 ms
Iteration: 4 - curr. timestamp: 1583491103.633737 - elapsed after 200.000000 ms - real est. delta_t 200.000000 ms
Iteration: 5 - curr. timestamp: 1583491103.833701 - elapsed after 200.000000 ms - real est. delta_t 199.964000 ms
Iteration: 6 - curr. timestamp: 1583491104.33686 - elapsed after 200.000000 ms - real est. delta_t 199.985000 ms
Iteration: 7 - curr. timestamp: 1583491104.233745 - elapsed after 200.000000 ms - real est. delta_t 200.059000 ms
Iteration: 8 - curr. timestamp: 1583491104.433737 - elapsed after 200.000000 ms - real est. delta_t 199.992000 ms
Iteration: 9 - curr. timestamp: 1583491104.633736 - elapsed after 200.000000 ms - real est. delta_t 199.999000 ms

我希望用 估计的实际时间差gettimeofday()永远不会小于 200 毫秒(也是由于用 清除事件所需的时间read()),但也有一些值略小于 200 毫秒,例如199.942000 ms.

你知道我为什么要观察这种行为吗?

可能是因为我正在使用gettimeofday()并且有时会tv_prev稍晚一点(由于调用read()gettimeofday()本身时有一些不同的延迟)tv_curr,并且在下一次迭代中,不是,导致估计时间小于 200 毫秒,而计时器实际上每 200 毫秒到期一次是精确的?

非常感谢您提前。

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1 回答 1

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这与进程调度有关。计时器确实非常精确,每 200 毫秒发出一次超时信号,但是您的程序在真正获得控制权之前不会注册该信号。这意味着您从gettimeofday()通话中获得的时间可以显示未来的某个稍后时刻。当您减去此类延迟值时,您可以获得大于或小于 200 毫秒的结果。

如何估计计时器的实际信号和您的呼叫之间的时间gettimeofday()?它与进程调度的时间量有关。这个量程有一些由 RR_TIMESLICE 在include/linux/sched/rt.h中设置的默认值。您可以像这样在系统上检查它:

#include <sched.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    struct timespec tp;
    if (sched_rr_get_interval(getpid(), &tp)) {
      perror("Cannot get scheduler quantum");
    } else {
      printf("Scheduler quantum is %f ms\n", (tp.tv_sec * 1e9 + tp.tv_nsec) / 1e6); 
    }
}

我的系统上的输出:

Scheduler quantum is 4.000000 ms

因此,您可能需要等待另一个进程的调度程序量完成,然后才能获得控制权并且能够读取当前时间。在我的系统上,它可能导致所产生的延迟与预期的 200 毫秒有大约 ±4 毫秒的偏差。在执行了近 7000 次迭代后,我得到了注册等待时间的以下分布:

等待时间分布

如您所见,大多数时间都在预期的 200 ms 附近的 ±2 ms 区间内。所有迭代中的最小和最大时间分别为 189.992 ms 和 210.227 ms:

~$ sort times.txt | head
189.992000
190.092000
190.720000
194.402000
195.250000
195.746000
195.847000
195.964000
196.256000
196.420000
~$ sort times.txt | tail
203.746000
203.824000
203.900000
204.026000
204.273000
205.625000
205.634000
208.974000
210.202000
210.227000
~$

大于 4 毫秒的偏差是由程序需要等待几个时间段而不仅仅是一个时间段的罕见情况引起的。

于 2020-03-06T16:29:28.390 回答