我正在 PyOpenGL 中制作一个游戏，其中一个对象（例如长方体）应该面向相机。为此，我必须旋转特定对象。我怎样才能做到这一点？
glRotatef() 旋转整个世界，但不是单个对象，所以我不能使用它。另外，glPushMatrix() 的解决方法如何分别旋转多个四边形？（Pygame，PyOpengl）不起作用。改变顶点的解决方案会很好。
#!/usr/local/bin/python3
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *
from OpenGL.GLUT import *
import math,sys,numpy,random,ctypes
pygame.init()
display = (1500, 900)
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(display, DOUBLEBUF | OPENGL)
pygame.display.set_caption("Game")
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING)
glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH)
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL)
glEnable(GL_BLEND)
glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE)
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0)
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1])
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1])
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
gluPerspective(45, (display[0]/display[1]), 0.1, 50.0)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
gluLookAt(0, -8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1)
glTranslatef(0,-8,0)
viewMatrix = glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX)
glLoadIdentity()
# init mouse movement and center mouse on screen
displayCenter = [screen.get_size()[i] // 2 for i in range(2)]
mouseMove = [0, 0]
pygame.mouse.set_pos(displayCenter)
pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
cmddown = False
person_count = 1
up_down_angle = 0.0
camera_pos = (0,0,0)
paused = False
run = True
#xzy = xyz
#Functions & Classes
def InverseMat44(mat):
m = [mat[i][j] for i in range(4) for j in range(4)]
inv = [0]*16
inv[0] = m[5] * m[10] * m[15] - m[5] * m[11] * m[14] - m[9] * m[6] * m[15] + m[9] * m[7] * m[14] + m[13] * m[6] * m[11] - m[13] * m[7] * m[10]
inv[4] = -m[4] * m[10] * m[15] + m[4] * m[11] * m[14] + m[8] * m[6] * m[15] - m[8] * m[7] * m[14] - m[12] * m[6] * m[11] + m[12] * m[7] * m[10]
inv[8] = m[4] * m[9] * m[15] - m[4] * m[11] * m[13] - m[8] * m[5] * m[15] + m[8] * m[7] * m[13] + m[12] * m[5] * m[11] - m[12] * m[7] * m[9]
inv[12] = -m[4] * m[9] * m[14] + m[4] * m[10] * m[13] + m[8] * m[5] * m[14] - m[8] * m[6] * m[13] - m[12] * m[5] * m[10] + m[12] * m[6] * m[9]
inv[1] = -m[1] * m[10] * m[15] + m[1] * m[11] * m[14] + m[9] * m[2] * m[15] - m[9] * m[3] * m[14] - m[13] * m[2] * m[11] + m[13] * m[3] * m[10]
inv[5] = m[0] * m[10] * m[15] - m[0] * m[11] * m[14] - m[8] * m[2] * m[15] + m[8] * m[3] * m[14] + m[12] * m[2] * m[11] - m[12] * m[3] * m[10]
inv[9] = -m[0] * m[9] * m[15] + m[0] * m[11] * m[13] + m[8] * m[1] * m[15] - m[8] * m[3] * m[13] - m[12] * m[1] * m[11] + m[12] * m[3] * m[9]
inv[13] = m[0] * m[9] * m[14] - m[0] * m[10] * m[13] - m[8] * m[1] * m[14] + m[8] * m[2] * m[13] + m[12] * m[1] * m[10] - m[12] * m[2] * m[9]
inv[2] = m[1] * m[6] * m[15] - m[1] * m[7] * m[14] - m[5] * m[2] * m[15] + m[5] * m[3] * m[14] + m[13] * m[2] * m[7] - m[13] * m[3] * m[6]
inv[6] = -m[0] * m[6] * m[15] + m[0] * m[7] * m[14] + m[4] * m[2] * m[15] - m[4] * m[3] * m[14] - m[12] * m[2] * m[7] + m[12] * m[3] * m[6]
inv[10] = m[0] * m[5] * m[15] - m[0] * m[7] * m[13] - m[4] * m[1] * m[15] + m[4] * m[3] * m[13] + m[12] * m[1] * m[7] - m[12] * m[3] * m[5]
inv[14] = -m[0] * m[5] * m[14] + m[0] * m[6] * m[13] + m[4] * m[1] * m[14] - m[4] * m[2] * m[13] - m[12] * m[1] * m[6] + m[12] * m[2] * m[5]
inv[3] = -m[1] * m[6] * m[11] + m[1] * m[7] * m[10] + m[5] * m[2] * m[11] - m[5] * m[3] * m[10] - m[9] * m[2] * m[7] + m[9] * m[3] * m[6]
inv[7] = m[0] * m[6] * m[11] - m[0] * m[7] * m[10] - m[4] * m[2] * m[11] + m[4] * m[3] * m[10] + m[8] * m[2] * m[7] - m[8] * m[3] * m[6]
inv[11] = -m[0] * m[5] * m[11] + m[0] * m[7] * m[9] + m[4] * m[1] * m[11] - m[4] * m[3] * m[9] - m[8] * m[1] * m[7] + m[8] * m[3] * m[5]
inv[15] = m[0] * m[5] * m[10] - m[0] * m[6] * m[9] - m[4] * m[1] * m[10] + m[4] * m[2] * m[9] + m[8] * m[1] * m[6] - m[8] * m[2] * m[5]
det = m[0] * inv[0] + m[1] * inv[4] + m[2] * inv[8] + m[3] * inv[12]
for i in range(16):
inv[i] /= det
return inv
def touched(tar_x,tar_y,tar_z,tar_x1,tar_y1,tar_z1,dis):
centerPt = pygame.math.Vector3(tar_x,tar_y,tar_z)
point2 = pygame.math.Vector3(tar_x1, tar_y1, tar_z1)
distance = centerPt.distance_to(point2)
return dis > distance
def follower(x,y,z,x1,y1,z1,speed):
distance = pow(pow(x1-x,2) + pow(y1-y,2),1/3)
sina = (y1-y)/distance
cosa = (x-x1)/distance
angle = math.degrees(math.atan2(y-y1,x-x1))
return (-speed*cosa,speed*sina,0,angle)
def random_pos(max_distance,vertices):
x_value_change = random.randrange(-max_distance + 2,max_distance + 2)
y_value_change = random.randrange(-max_distance + 2,max_distance + 2)
z_value_change = 0
new_vertices = []
for vert in vertices:
new_vert = []
new_x = vert[0] + x_value_change
new_y = vert[1] + y_value_change
new_z = vert[2] + z_value_change
new_vert.append(new_x)
new_vert.append(new_y)
new_vert.append(new_z)
new_vertices.append(new_vert)
return new_vertices
def blit_text(x,y,font,text,r,g,b):
blending = False
if glIsEnabled(GL_BLEND) :
blending = True
glColor3f(r,g,b)
glWindowPos2f(x,y)
for ch in text :
glutBitmapCharacter(font,ctypes.c_int(ord(ch)))
if not blending :
glDisable(GL_BLEND)
class Ground:
def __init__(self,mul=1):
self.vertices = [
[-20,20,-1],
[20,20,-1],
[-20,-300,-1],
[20,-300,-1]
]
def draw(self):
glBegin(GL_QUADS) #Begin fill
for vertex in self.vertices:
glColor3f(0,0.5,0.5)
glVertex3fv(vertex)
glEnd()
class Person:
def __init__(self):
self.vertices = [
[-1,0,1],
[-1,0,-1],
[1,0,-1],
[1,0,1],
[-1,1,1],
[-1,1,-1],
[1,1,-1],
[1,1,1]
]
self.vertices = list(numpy.multiply(numpy.array(self.vertices),1))
self.edges = (
(0,1),
(0,3),
(0,4),
(1,2),
(1,5),
(2,3),
(2,6),
(3,7),
(4,5),
(4,7),
(5,6),
(6,7)
)
self.surfaces = (
(0,1,2,3),
(0,1,5,4),
(4,5,6,7),
(1,2,6,5),
(0,3,7,4),
(2,3,7,6)
)
self.x = self.vertices[1][0]
self.y = self.vertices[1][2]
self.z = self.vertices[1][1]
self.pos = (self.x,self.y,self.z)
self.rot = 0
self.health = 100
self.damage = random.randint(0,5)
self.level = 1
def draw(self):
glBegin(GL_QUADS) #Begin fill
for surface in self.surfaces:
for vertex in surface:
glColor3f(0,1,0)
glVertex3fv(self.vertices[vertex])
glEnd()
glLineWidth(5) #Set width of the line
glBegin(GL_LINES) #Begin outline
for edge in self.edges:
for vertex in edge:
glColor3f(1,1,0)
glVertex3fv(self.vertices[vertex])
glEnd()
def move(self,x,y,z):
self.vertices = list(map(lambda vert:(vert[0] + x,vert[1] + y,vert[2] + z),self.vertices))
persons = [Person() for person in range(person_count)]
ground = Ground()
for person in persons:
person.vertices = random_pos(12,person.vertices)
while run:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
run = False
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE:
run = False
if event.key == pygame.K_p:
paused = not paused
if not paused:
if event.type == pygame.MOUSEMOTION:
mouseMove = [event.pos[i] - displayCenter[i] for i in range(2)]
pygame.mouse.set_pos(displayCenter)
pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
if not paused:
#Get keys
keypress = pygame.key.get_pressed()
#Init model view matrix
glLoadIdentity()
#------------------------View------------------------
#Apply the look up and down (with 90° angle limit)
if up_down_angle < -90:
if mouseMove[1] > 0:
up_down_angle += mouseMove[1]*0.1
elif up_down_angle > 90:
if mouseMove[1] < 0:
up_down_angle += mouseMove[1]*0.1
else:
up_down_angle += mouseMove[1]*0.1
glRotatef(up_down_angle, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
#Init the view matrix
glPushMatrix()
glLoadIdentity()
#Apply the movement
if keypress[pygame.K_w]:
glTranslatef(0,0,0.1)
if keypress[pygame.K_s]:
glTranslatef(0,0,-0.1)
if keypress[pygame.K_d]:
glTranslatef(-0.1,0,0)
if keypress[pygame.K_a]:
glTranslatef(0.1,0,0)
#Apply the look left and right
glRotatef(mouseMove[0]*0.1, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
#------------------------View------------------------
#Follower
for person in persons:
if not (touched(person.pos[0],person.pos[1],person.pos[2],camera_pos[0],camera_pos[1],camera_pos[2],4)):
freturn = follower(person.pos[0],person.pos[1],person.pos[2],camera_pos[0],camera_pos[1],camera_pos[2],0.02)
xchange,ychange,zchange = freturn[0],freturn[1],freturn[2]
person.rot += freturn[3]
person.move(xchange,ychange,zchange)
if (touched(person.pos[0],person.pos[1],person.pos[2],camera_pos[0],camera_pos[1],camera_pos[2],5)):
crosshair_color = (1,0,0)
else:
crosshair_color = (1,1,1)
#------------------------Draw------------------------
#Multiply the current matrix by the new view matrix and store the final view matrix
glMultMatrixf(viewMatrix)
viewMatrix = glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX)
invVM = InverseMat44(viewMatrix)
camera_pos = (invVM[12],invVM[13],invVM[14])
#Apply view matrix
glPopMatrix()
glMultMatrixf(viewMatrix)
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, [1, -1, 1, 0])
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
#Draw crosshair
blit_text(displayCenter[0] - 5,displayCenter[1] - 5,GLUT_BITMAP_TIMES_ROMAN_24,"+",crosshair_color[0],crosshair_color[1],crosshair_color[2])
glPushMatrix()
glColor4f(0.2, 0.2, 0.5, 1)
for person in persons:
#person.draw()
person.x = person.vertices[1][0]
person.y = person.vertices[1][1]
person.pos = (person.x + 2/2, person.y + 1/2, person.z)
glPushMatrix()
glTranslated(person.pos[0], person.pos[1], person.pos[2])
glRotated(person.rot,0,1,0)
person.draw()
glPopMatrix()
ground.draw()
glutSwapBuffers()
glPopMatrix()
#------------------------Draw------------------------
pygame.display.flip()
pygame.time.wait(10)
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
我预计物体会在 z 轴上转动 30 度，但事实并非如此。实际上，如果我应用此代码，它也会错误地移动（定义了对象向我移动的移动函数）。