我正在按照在线教程使用 24 小时日历设置 zipline 并执行回测。我正在运行 python 2.7。我正在使用间谍。我有一台使用 OSX 10.11.6 的 Mac。
我有与这篇文章中所述完全相同的问题，但是我不明白问题是如何解决的。
当我尝试执行代码时，我收到消息无法使用抽象方法实例化抽象类 {}。
有人可以就我应该采取哪些步骤来解决问题给我一些帮助和建议吗？
它可能不是很有用，但我附上了一些 TradingCalendar 代码供您查看。
感谢您的任何帮助。
#
# Copyright 2018 Quantopian, Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractproperty
from lru import LRU
import warnings
from operator import attrgetter
from pandas.tseries.holiday import AbstractHolidayCalendar
from six import with_metaclass
import numpy as np
from numpy import searchsorted
import pandas as pd
from pandas import (
DataFrame,
date_range,
DatetimeIndex,
)
from pandas.tseries.offsets import CustomBusinessDay
import toolz
from .calendar_helpers import (
compute_all_minutes,
is_open,
next_divider_idx,
previous_divider_idx,
)
from .utils.memoize import lazyval
from .utils.pandas_utils import days_at_time
from .utils.preprocess import preprocess, coerce
start_default = pd.Timestamp('1990-01-01', tz='UTC')
end_base = pd.Timestamp('today', tz='UTC')
# Give an aggressive buffer for logic that needs to use the next trading
# day or minute.
end_default = end_base + pd.Timedelta(days=365)
NANOS_IN_MINUTE = 60000000000
MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY, SUNDAY = range(7)
WEEKDAYS = (MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY)
WEEKENDS = (SATURDAY, SUNDAY)
def selection(arr, start, end):
predicates = []
if start is not None:
predicates.append(start.tz_localize('UTC') <= arr)
if end is not None:
predicates.append(arr < end.tz_localize('UTC'))
if not predicates:
return arr
return arr[np.all(predicates, axis=0)]
def _group_times(all_days, times, tz, offset):
elements = [
days_at_time(
selection(all_days, start, end),
time,
tz,
offset
)
for (start, time), (end, _) in toolz.sliding_window(
2,
toolz.concatv(times, [(None, None)])
)
]
return elements[0].append(elements[1:])
class TradingCalendar(with_metaclass(ABCMeta)):
"""
An TradingCalendar represents the timing information of a single market
exchange.
The timing information is made up of two parts: sessions, and opens/closes.
A session represents a contiguous set of minutes, and has a label that is
midnight UTC. It is important to note that a session label should not be
considered a specific point in time, and that midnight UTC is just being
used for convenience.
For each session, we store the open and close time in UTC time.
"""
def __init__(self, start=start_default, end=end_default):
# Midnight in UTC for each trading day.
# In pandas 0.18.1, pandas calls into its own code here in a way that
# fires a warning. The calling code in pandas tries to suppress the
# warning, but does so incorrectly, causing it to bubble out here.
# Actually catch and suppress the warning here:
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
_all_days = date_range(start, end, freq=self.day, tz='UTC')
# `DatetimeIndex`s of standard opens/closes for each day.
self._opens = _group_times(
_all_days,
self.open_times,
self.tz,
self.open_offset,
)
self._closes = _group_times(
_all_days,
self.close_times,
self.tz,
self.close_offset,
)
# `Series`s mapping sessions with nonstandard opens/closes to
# the open/close time.
_special_opens = self._calculate_special_opens(start, end)
_special_closes = self._calculate_special_closes(start, end)
# Overwrite the special opens and closes on top of the standard ones.
_overwrite_special_dates(_all_days, self._opens, _special_opens)
_overwrite_special_dates(_all_days, self._closes, _special_closes)
# In pandas 0.16.1 _opens and _closes will lose their timezone
# information. This looks like it has been resolved in 0.17.1.
# http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/whatsnew.html#datetime-with-tz # noqa
self.schedule = DataFrame(
index=_all_days,
columns=['market_open', 'market_close'],
data={
'market_open': self._opens,
'market_close': self._closes,
},
dtype='datetime64[ns]',
)
# Simple cache to avoid recalculating the same minute -> session in
# "next" mode. Analysis of current zipline code paths show that
# `minute_to_session_label` is often called consecutively with the same
# inputs.
self._minute_to_session_label_cache = LRU(1)
self.market_opens_nanos = self.schedule.market_open.values.\
astype(np.int64)
self.market_closes_nanos = self.schedule.market_close.values.\
astype(np.int64)
self._trading_minutes_nanos = self.all_minutes.values.\
astype(np.int64)
self.first_trading_session = _all_days[0]
self.last_trading_session = _all_days[-1]
self._late_opens = pd.DatetimeIndex(
_special_opens.map(self.minute_to_session_label)
)
self._early_closes = pd.DatetimeIndex(
_special_closes.map(self.minute_to_session_label)
)
@lazyval
def day(self):
return CustomBusinessDay(
holidays=self.adhoc_holidays,
calendar=self.regular_holidays,
weekmask=self.weekmask,
)
@abstractproperty
def name(self):
raise NotImplementedError()
@abstractproperty
def tz(self):
raise NotImplementedError()
@abstractproperty
def open_times(self):
"""
Returns a list of tuples of (start_date, open_time). If the open
time is constant throughout the calendar, use None for the start_date.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
@abstractproperty
def close_times(self):
"""
Returns a list of tuples of (start_date, close_time). If the close
time is constant throughout the calendar, use None for the start_date.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
@property
def weekmask(self):
"""
String indicating the days of the week on which the market is open.
Default is '1111100' (i.e., Monday-Friday).
See Also
--------
numpy.busdaycalendar
"""
return '1111100'
@property
def open_offset(self):
return 0
@property
def close_offset(self):
return 0
@lazyval
def _minutes_per_session(self):
diff = self.schedule.market_close - self.schedule.market_open
diff = diff.astype('timedelta64[m]')
return diff + 1
def minutes_count_for_sessions_in_range(self, start_session, end_session):
"""
Parameters
----------
start_session: pd.Timestamp
The first session.
end_session: pd.Timestamp
The last session.
Returns
-------
int: The total number of minutes for the contiguous chunk of sessions.
between start_session and end_session, inclusive.
"""
return int(self._minutes_per_session[start_session:end_session].sum())
@property
def regular_holidays(self):
"""
Returns
-------
pd.AbstractHolidayCalendar: a calendar containing the regular holidays
for this calendar
"""
return None
@property
def adhoc_holidays(self):
return []
@property
def special_opens(self):
"""
A list of special open times and corresponding HolidayCalendars.
Returns
-------
list: List of (time, AbstractHolidayCalendar) tuples
"""
return []
@property
def special_opens_adhoc(self):
"""
Returns
-------
list: List of (time, DatetimeIndex) tuples that represent special
closes that cannot be codified into rules.
"""
return []
@property
def special_closes(self):
"""
A list of special close times and corresponding HolidayCalendars.
Returns
-------
list: List of (time, AbstractHolidayCalendar) tuples
"""
return []
@property
def special_closes_adhoc(self):
"""
Returns
-------
list: List of (time, DatetimeIndex) tuples that represent special
closes that cannot be codified into rules.
"""
return []
# -----
@property
def opens(self):
return self.schedule.market_open
@property
def closes(self):
return self.schedule.market_close
@property
def late_opens(self):
return self._late_opens
@property
def early_closes(self):
return self._early_closes
def is_session(self, dt):
"""
Given a dt, returns whether it's a valid session label.
Parameters
----------
dt: pd.Timestamp
The dt that is being tested.
Returns
-------
bool
Whether the given dt is a valid session label.
"""
return dt in self.schedule.index
def is_open_on_minute(self, dt):
"""
Given a dt, return whether this exchange is open at the given dt.
Parameters
----------
dt: pd.Timestamp
The dt for which to check if this exchange is open.
Returns
-------
bool
Whether the exchange is open on this dt.
"""
return is_open(self.market_opens_nanos, self.market_closes_nanos,
dt.value)
def next_open(self, dt):
"""
Given a dt, returns the next open.
If the given dt happens to be a session open, the next session's open
will be returned.
Parameters
----------
dt: pd.Timestamp
The dt for which to get the next open.
Returns
-------
pd.Timestamp
The UTC timestamp of the next open.
"""
idx = next_divider_idx(self.market_opens_nanos, dt.value)
return pd.Timestamp(self.market_opens_nanos[idx], tz='UTC')
def next_close(self, dt):
"""
Given a dt, returns the next close.
Parameters
----------
dt: pd.Timestamp
The dt for which to get the next close.
Returns
-------
pd.Timestamp
The UTC timestamp of the next close.
"""
idx = next_divider_idx(self.market_closes_nanos, dt.value)
return pd.Timestamp(self.market_closes_nanos[idx], tz='UTC')
def previous_open(self, dt):
"""
Given a dt, returns the previous open.
Parameters
----------
dt: pd.Timestamp
The dt for which to get the previous open.
Returns
-------
pd.Timestamp
The UTC imestamp of the previous open.
"""
idx = previous_divider_idx(self.market_opens_nanos, dt.value)
return pd.Timestamp(self.market_opens_nanos[idx], tz='UTC')
def previous_close(self, dt):
"""
Given a dt, returns the previous close.
Parameters
----------
dt: pd.Timestamp
The dt for which to get the previous close.
Returns
-------
pd.Timestamp
The UTC timestamp of the previous close.
"""
idx = previous_divider_idx(self.market_closes_nanos, dt.value)
return pd.Timestamp(self.market_closes_nanos[idx], tz='UTC')
def next_minute(self, dt):
"""
Given a dt, return the next exchange minute. If the given dt is not
an exchange minute, returns the next exchange open.
Parameters
----------
dt: pd.Timestamp
The dt for which to get the next exchange minute.
Returns
-------
pd.Timestamp
The next exchange minute.
"""
idx = next_divider_idx(self._trading_minutes_nanos, dt.value)
return self.all_minutes[idx]
def previous_minute(self, dt):
"""
Given a dt, return the previous exchange minute.
Raises KeyError if the given timestamp is not an exchange minute.
Parameters
----------
dt: pd.Timestamp
The dt for which to get the previous exchange minute.
Returns
-------
pd.Timestamp
The previous exchange minute.
"""
idx = previous_divider_idx(self._trading_minutes_nanos, dt.value)
return self.all_minutes[idx]
def next_session_label(self, session_label):
"""
Given a session label, returns the label of the next session.
Parameters
----------
session_label: pd.Timestamp
A session whose next session is desired.
Returns
-------
pd.Timestamp
The next session label (midnight UTC).
Notes
-----
Raises ValueError if the given session is the last session in this
calendar.
"""
idx = self.schedule.index.get_loc(session_label)
try:
return self.schedule.index[idx + 1]
except IndexError:
if idx == len(self.schedule.index) - 1:
raise ValueError("There is no next session as this is the end"
" of the exchange calendar.")
else:
raise
def previous_session_label(self, session_label):
"""
Given a session label, returns the label of the previous session.
Parameters
----------
session_label: pd.Timestamp
A session whose previous session is desired.
Returns
-------
pd.Timestamp
The previous session label (midnight UTC).
Notes
-----
Raises ValueError if the given session is the first session in this
calendar.
"""
idx = self.schedule.index.get_loc(session_label)
if idx == 0:
raise ValueError("There is no previous session as this is the"
" beginning of the exchange calendar.")
return self.schedule.index[idx - 1]
def minutes_for_session(self, session_label):
"""
Given a session label, return the minutes for that session.
Parameters
----------
session_label: pd.Timestamp (midnight UTC)
A session label whose session's minutes are desired.
Returns
-------
pd.DateTimeIndex
All the minutes for the given session.
"""
return self.minutes_in_range(
start_minute=self.schedule.at[session_label, 'market_open'],
end_minute=self.schedule.at[session_label, 'market_close'],
)
def execution_minutes_for_session(self, session_label):
"""
Given a session label, return the execution minutes for that session.
Parameters
----------
session_label: pd.Timestamp (midnight UTC)
A session label whose session's minutes are desired.
Returns
-------
pd.DateTimeIndex
All the execution minutes for the given session.
"""
return self.minutes_in_range(
start_minute=self.execution_time_from_open(
self.schedule.at[session_label, 'market_open'],
),
end_minute=self.execution_time_from_close(
self.schedule.at[session_label, 'market_close'],
),
)
def execution_minutes_for_sessions_in_range(self, start, stop):
minutes = self.execution_minutes_for_session
return pd.DatetimeIndex(
np.concatenate([
minutes(session)
for session in self.sessions_in_range(start, stop)
]),
tz='UTC',
)
def minutes_window(self, start_dt, count):
start_dt_nanos = start_dt.value
all_minutes_nanos = self._trading_minutes_nanos
start_idx = all_minutes_nanos.searchsorted(start_dt_nanos)
# searchsorted finds the index of the minute **on or after** start_dt.
# If the latter, push back to the prior minute.
if all_minutes_nanos[start_idx] != start_dt_nanos:
start_idx -= 1
if start_idx < 0 or start_idx >= len(all_minutes_nanos):
raise KeyError("Can't start minute window at {}".format(start_dt))
end_idx = start_idx + count
if start_idx > end_idx:
return self.all_minutes[(end_idx + 1):(start_idx + 1)]
else:
return self.all_minutes[start_idx:end_idx]
def sessions_in_range(self, start_session_label, end_session_label):
"""
Given start and end session labels, return all the sessions in that
range, inclusive.
Parameters
----------
start_session_label: pd.Timestamp (midnight UTC)
The label representing the first session of the desired range.
end_session_label: pd.Timestamp (midnight UTC)
The label representing the last session of the desired range.
Returns
-------
pd.DatetimeIndex
The desired sessions.
"""
return self.all_sessions[
self.all_sessions.slice_indexer(
start_session_label,
end_session_label
)
]
def sessions_window(self, session_label, count):
"""
Given a session label and a window size, returns a list of sessions
of size `count` + 1, that either starts with the given session
(if `count` is positive) or ends with the given session (if `count` is
negative).
Parameters
----------
session_label: pd.Timestamp
The label of the initial session.
count: int
Defines the length and the direction of the window.
Returns
-------
pd.DatetimeIndex
The desired sessions.
"""
start_idx = self.schedule.index.get_loc(session_label)
end_idx = start_idx + count
return self.all_sessions[
min(start_idx, end_idx):max(start_idx, end_idx) + 1
]
def session_distance(self, start_session_label, end_session_label):
"""
Given a start and end session label, returns the distance between them.
For example, for three consecutive sessions Mon., Tues., and Wed,
``session_distance(Mon, Wed)`` returns 3. If ``start_session`` is after
``end_session``, the value will be negated.
Parameters
----------
start_session_label: pd.Timestamp
The label of the start session.
end_session_label: pd.Timestamp
The label of the ending session inclusive.
Returns
-------
int
The distance between the two sessions.
"""
negate = end_session_label < start_session_label
if negate:
start_session_label, end_session_label = (
end_session_label,
start_session_label,
)
start_idx = self.all_sessions.searchsorted(start_session_label)
end_idx = self.all_sessions.searchsorted(
end_session_label,
side='right',
)
out = end_idx - start_idx
if negate:
out = -out
return out
def minutes_in_range(self, start_minute, end_minute):
"""
Given start and end minutes, return all the calendar minutes
in that range, inclusive.
Given minutes don't need to be calendar minutes.
Parameters
----------
start_minute: pd.Timestamp
The minute representing the start of the desired range.
end_minute: pd.Timestamp
The minute representing the end of the desired range.
Returns
-------
pd.DatetimeIndex
The minutes in the desired range.
"""
start_idx = searchsorted(self._trading_minutes_nanos,
start_minute.value)
end_idx = searchsorted(self._trading_minutes_nanos,
end_minute.value)
if end_minute.value == self._trading_minutes_nanos[end_idx]:
# if the end minute is a market minute, increase by 1
end_idx += 1
return self.all_minutes[start_idx:end_idx]
def minutes_for_sessions_in_range(self,
start_session_label,
end_session_label):
"""
Returns all the minutes for all the sessions from the given start
session label to the given end session label, inclusive.
Parameters
----------
start_session_label: pd.Timestamp
The label of the first session in the range.
end_session_label: pd.Timestamp
The label of the last session in the range.
Returns
-------
pd.DatetimeIndex
The minutes in the desired range.
"""
first_minute, _ = self.open_and_close_for_session(start_session_label)
_, last_minute = self.open_and_close_for_session(end_session_label)
return self.minutes_in_range(first_minute, last_minute)
def open_and_close_for_session(self, session_label):
"""
Returns a tuple of timestamps of the open and close of the session
represented by the given label.
Parameters
----------
session_label: pd.Timestamp
The session whose open and close are desired.
Returns
-------
(Timestamp, Timestamp)
The open and close for the given session.
"""
sched = self.schedule
# `market_open` and `market_close` should be timezone aware, but pandas
# 0.16.1 does not appear to support this:
# http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/whatsnew.html#datetime-with-tz # noqa
return (
sched.at[session_label, 'market_open'].tz_localize('UTC'),
sched.at[session_label, 'market_close'].tz_localize('UTC'),
)
def session_open(self, session_label):
return self.schedule.at[
session_label,
'market_open'
].tz_localize('UTC')