python - 得到一系列列表的笛卡尔积？

Question

如何从一组列表中获取笛卡尔积（每个可能的值组合）？

输入：

somelists = [
   [1, 2, 3],
   ['a', 'b'],
   [4, 5]
]

期望的输出：

[(1, 'a', 4), (1, 'a', 5), (1, 'b', 4), (1, 'b', 5), (2, 'a', 4), (2, 'a', 5) ...]

score 518 · Accepted Answer

`itertools.product`

可从 Python 2.6 获得。

import itertools

somelists = [
   [1, 2, 3],
   ['a', 'b'],
   [4, 5]
]
for element in itertools.product(*somelists):
    print(element)

这与，

for element in itertools.product([1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b'], [4, 5]):
    print(element)

score 104 · Accepted Answer

import itertools
>>> for i in itertools.product([1,2,3],['a','b'],[4,5]):
...         print i
...
(1, 'a', 4)
(1, 'a', 5)
(1, 'b', 4)
(1, 'b', 5)
(2, 'a', 4)
(2, 'a', 5)
(2, 'b', 4)
(2, 'b', 5)
(3, 'a', 4)
(3, 'a', 5)
(3, 'b', 4)
(3, 'b', 5)
>>>

score 43 · Accepted Answer

对于 Python 2.5 及更早版本：

>>> [(a, b, c) for a in [1,2,3] for b in ['a','b'] for c in [4,5]]
[(1, 'a', 4), (1, 'a', 5), (1, 'b', 4), (1, 'b', 5), (2, 'a', 4), 
 (2, 'a', 5), (2, 'b', 4), (2, 'b', 5), (3, 'a', 4), (3, 'a', 5), 
 (3, 'b', 4), (3, 'b', 5)]

这是一个递归版本product()（只是一个插图）：

def product(*args):
    if not args:
        return iter(((),)) # yield tuple()
    return (items + (item,) 
            for items in product(*args[:-1]) for item in args[-1])

例子：

>>> list(product([1,2,3], ['a','b'], [4,5])) 
[(1, 'a', 4), (1, 'a', 5), (1, 'b', 4), (1, 'b', 5), (2, 'a', 4), 
 (2, 'a', 5), (2, 'b', 4), (2, 'b', 5), (3, 'a', 4), (3, 'a', 5), 
 (3, 'b', 4), (3, 'b', 5)]
>>> list(product([1,2,3]))
[(1,), (2,), (3,)]
>>> list(product([]))
[]
>>> list(product())
[()]

score 34 · Accepted Answer

我会使用列表理解：

somelists = [
   [1, 2, 3],
   ['a', 'b'],
   [4, 5]
]

cart_prod = [(a,b,c) for a in somelists[0] for b in somelists[1] for c in somelists[2]]

score 27 · Accepted Answer

27

使用itertools.product：

import itertools
result = list(itertools.product(*somelists))

于 2009-02-10T20:01:26.440 回答

score 15 · Accepted Answer

这是一个递归生成器，它不存储任何临时列表

def product(ar_list):
    if not ar_list:
        yield ()
    else:
        for a in ar_list[0]:
            for prod in product(ar_list[1:]):
                yield (a,)+prod

print list(product([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]))

输出：

[(1, 3, 5), (1, 3, 6), (1, 4, 5), (1, 4, 6), (2, 3, 5), (2, 3, 6), (2, 4, 5), (2, 4, 6)]

score 10 · Accepted Answer

在 Python 2.6 及更高版本中，您可以使用“itertools.product”。在旧版本的 Python 中，您可以使用文档中的以下（几乎 - 参见文档）等效代码，至少作为起点：

def product(*args, **kwds):
    # product('ABCD', 'xy') --> Ax Ay Bx By Cx Cy Dx Dy
    # product(range(2), repeat=3) --> 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
    pools = map(tuple, args) * kwds.get('repeat', 1)
    result = [[]]
    for pool in pools:
        result = [x+[y] for x in result for y in pool]
    for prod in result:
        yield tuple(prod)

两者的结果都是一个迭代器，所以如果你真的需要一个列表进行进一步处理，请使用list(result).

score 9 · Accepted Answer

尽管已经有很多答案，但我想分享一些我的想法：

迭代方法

def cartesian_iterative(pools):
  result = [[]]
  for pool in pools:
    result = [x+[y] for x in result for y in pool]
  return result

递归方法

def cartesian_recursive(pools):
  if len(pools) > 2:
    pools[0] = product(pools[0], pools[1])
    del pools[1]
    return cartesian_recursive(pools)
  else:
    pools[0] = product(pools[0], pools[1])
    del pools[1]
    return pools
def product(x, y):
  return [xx + [yy] if isinstance(xx, list) else [xx] + [yy] for xx in x for yy in y]

Lambda 方法

def cartesian_reduct(pools):
  return reduce(lambda x,y: product(x,y) , pools)

score 7 · Accepted Answer

递归方法：

def rec_cart(start, array, partial, results):
  if len(partial) == len(array):
    results.append(partial)
    return 

  for element in array[start]:
    rec_cart(start+1, array, partial+[element], results)

rec_res = []
some_lists = [[1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b'], [4, 5]]  
rec_cart(0, some_lists, [], rec_res)
print(rec_res)

迭代方法：

def itr_cart(array):
  results = [[]]
  for i in range(len(array)):
    temp = []
    for res in results:
      for element in array[i]:
        temp.append(res+[element])
    results = temp

  return results

some_lists = [[1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b'], [4, 5]]  
itr_res = itr_cart(some_lists)
print(itr_res)

score 3 · Accepted Answer

对上述可变变量风格的递归生成器解决方案的小修改：

def product_args(*args):
    if args:
        for a in args[0]:
            for prod in product_args(*args[1:]) if args[1:] else ((),):
                yield (a,) + prod

当然还有一个包装器，使它的工作方式与该解决方案完全相同：

def product2(ar_list):
    """
    >>> list(product(()))
    [()]
    >>> list(product2(()))
    []
    """
    return product_args(*ar_list)

有一个折衷：它检查递归是否应该在每个外循环上中断，并且一个收获：空调用时不产生，例如product(())，我认为这在语义上会更正确（参见文档测试）。

关于列表推导：数学定义适用于任意数量的参数，而列表推导只能处理已知数量的参数。

score 1 · Accepted Answer

只是补充一点已经说过的内容：如果您使用 sympy，则可以使用符号而不是字符串，这使得它们在数学上很有用。

import itertools
import sympy

x, y = sympy.symbols('x y')

somelist = [[x,y], [1,2,3], [4,5]]
somelist2 = [[1,2], [1,2,3], [4,5]]

for element in itertools.product(*somelist):
  print element

关于同情。

score 1 · Accepted Answer

我相信这有效：

def cartesian_product(L):  
   if L:
       return {(a,) + b for a in L[0] 
                        for b in cartesian_product(L[1:])}
   else:
       return {()}

score 1 · Accepted Answer

这可以做一个

[(x, y) for x in range(10) for y in range(10)]

另一个变量？没问题：

[(x, y, z) for x in range(10) for y in range(10) for z in range(10)]

score 0 · Accepted Answer

以下代码是Using numpy to build an array of all combination of two arrays的 95% 副本，所有学分都在那里！据说这要快得多，因为它仅在 numpy 中。

import numpy as np

def cartesian(arrays, dtype=None, out=None):
    arrays = [np.asarray(x) for x in arrays]
    if dtype is None:
        dtype = arrays[0].dtype
    n = np.prod([x.size for x in arrays])
    if out is None:
        out = np.zeros([n, len(arrays)], dtype=dtype)

    m = int(n / arrays[0].size) 
    out[:,0] = np.repeat(arrays[0], m)
    if arrays[1:]:
        cartesian(arrays[1:], out=out[0:m, 1:])
        for j in range(1, arrays[0].size):
            out[j*m:(j+1)*m, 1:] = out[0:m, 1:]
    return out

如果您不想从所有条目的第一个条目中获取 dtype，则需要将 dtype 定义为参数。如果您有字母和数字作为项目，请使用 dtype = 'object'。测试：

somelists = [
   [1, 2, 3],
   ['a', 'b'],
   [4, 5]
]

[tuple(x) for x in cartesian(somelists, 'object')]

出去：

[(1, 'a', 4),
 (1, 'a', 5),
 (1, 'b', 4),
 (1, 'b', 5),
 (2, 'a', 4),
 (2, 'a', 5),
 (2, 'b', 4),
 (2, 'b', 5),
 (3, 'a', 4),
 (3, 'a', 5),
 (3, 'b', 4),
 (3, 'b', 5)]

score 0 · Accepted Answer

列表理解简单明了：

import itertools

somelists = [
   [1, 2, 3],
   ['a', 'b'],
   [4, 5]
]
lst = [i for i in itertools.product(*somelists)]

score -1 · Accepted Answer

早期拒绝：

def my_product(pools: List[List[Any]], rules: Dict[Any, List[Any]], forbidden: List[Any]) -> Iterator[Tuple[Any]]:
    """
    Compute the cartesian product except it rejects some combinations based on provided rules
    
    :param pools: the values to calculate the Cartesian product on 
    :param rules: a dict specifying which values each value is incompatible with
    :param forbidden: values that are never authorized in the combinations
    :return: the cartesian product
    """
    if not pools:
        return

    included = set()

    # if an element has an entry of 0, it's acceptable, if greater than 0, it's rejected, cannot be negative
    incompatibles = defaultdict(int)
    for value in forbidden:
        incompatibles[value] += 1
    selections = [-1] * len(pools)
    pool_idx = 0

    def current_value():
        return pools[pool_idx][selections[pool_idx]]

    while True:
        # Discard incompatibilities from value from previous iteration on same pool
        if selections[pool_idx] >= 0:
            for value in rules[current_value()]:
                incompatibles[value] -= 1
            included.discard(current_value())

        # Try to get to next value of same pool
        if selections[pool_idx] != len(pools[pool_idx]) - 1:
            selections[pool_idx] += 1
        # Get to previous pool if current is exhausted
        elif pool_idx != 0:
            selections[pool_idx] = - 1
            pool_idx -= 1
            continue
        # Done if first pool is exhausted
        else:
            break

        # Add incompatibilities of newly added value
        for value in rules[current_value()]:
            incompatibles[value] += 1
        included.add(current_value())

        # Skip value if incompatible
        if incompatibles[current_value()] or \
                any(intersection in included for intersection in rules[current_value()]):
            continue

        # Submit combination if we're at last pool
        if pools[pool_idx] == pools[-1]:
            yield tuple(pool[selection] for pool, selection in zip(pools, selections))
        # Else get to next pool
        else:
            pool_idx += 1

我有一个案例，我必须获取一个非常大的笛卡尔积的第一个结果。尽管我只想要一件物品，但这需要很长时间。问题在于，由于结果的顺序，它必须遍历许多不需要的结果才能找到正确的结果。因此，如果我有 10 个包含 50 个元素的列表，并且前两个列表中的第一个元素不兼容，则它必须遍历最后 8 个列表的笛卡尔积，尽管它们都会被拒绝。

此实现能够在结果包含每个列表中的一项之前对其进行测试。因此，当我检查某个元素是否与先前列表中已包含的元素不兼容时，我会立即转到当前列表的下一个元素，而不是遍历以下列表的所有产品。

score -2 · Accepted Answer

您可以itertools.product在标准库中使用来获取笛卡尔积。其他很酷的相关实用程序itertools包括permutations、combinations和combinations_with_replacement. 这是下面代码片段的 python codepen的链接：

from itertools import product

somelists = [
   [1, 2, 3],
   ['a', 'b'],
   [4, 5]
]

result = list(product(*somelists))
print(result)

python - 得到一系列列表的笛卡尔积？

17 回答 17

itertools.product

迭代方法

递归方法

Lambda 方法

早期拒绝：

Related

Reference

`itertools.product`