既然你说伪代码对你来说就足够了，我相信你的话。以下是在 Ruby 中实现的，类似于可运行的伪代码。我也对它进行了相当广泛的评论。
此处概述的方法只需要一个优先级队列。您的模型在概念上围绕两个事件 - 任务何时开始，何时结束。一种非常灵活的离散事件实现机制是使用优先级队列来存储事件通知，按事件触发的时间排序。每个事件都被实现为一个单独的方法/函数，它执行与事件相关的任何状态转换，并且可以通过将事件通知放在优先级队列中来安排进一步的事件。然后，您需要一个执行循环，它不断地将事件通知从优先级队列中拉出，将时钟更新为当前事件的时间，并调用相应的事件方法。有关此方法的更多信息，请参阅本文. 本文在 Java 中实现了这些概念，但它们可以（并且正在）用许多其他语言实现。
事不宜迟，这是您的案例的有效实现：
# User needs to type "gem install simplekit" on the command line to
# snag a copy of this library from the public gem repository
require 'simplekit' # contains a PriorityQueue implementation
# define an "event notice" structure which stores the tag for an event method,
# the time the event should occur, and what arguments are to be passed to it.
EVENT_NOTICE = Struct.new(:event, :time, :args) {
include Comparable
def <=>(other) # define a comparison ordering based on my time vs other's time
return time - other.time # comparison of two times is positive, zero, or negative
end
}
@pq = PriorityQueue.new # @ makes globally shared (not really, but close enough for illustration purposes)
@num_tasks = 0 # number of tasks currently active
@clock = 0 # current time in the simulation
# define a report method
def report()
puts "#{@clock}: #{@num_tasks}" # print current simulation time & num_tasks
end
# define an event for starting a task, that increments the @num_tasks counter
# and uses the @clock and task duration to schedule when this task will end
# by pushing a suitable EVENT_NOTICE onto the priority queue.
def start_task(current_task)
@num_tasks += 1
@pq.push(EVENT_NOTICE.new(:end_task, @clock + current_task.duration, nil))
report()
end
# define an event for ending a task, which decrements the counter
def end_task(_) # _ means ignore any argument
@num_tasks -= 1
report()
end
# define a task as a suitable structure containing start time and duration
task = Struct.new(:start, :duration)
# Create a set of three tasks. I've wired them in, but they could
# be read in or generated dynamically.
task_set = [task.new(2, 5), task.new(4, 23), task.new(7, 4)]
# Add each of the task's start_task event to the priority queue, ordered
# by time of occurrence (as specified in EVENT_NOTICE)
for t in task_set
@pq.push(EVENT_NOTICE.new(:start_task, t.start, t))
end
report()
# Keep popping EVENT_NOTICE's off the priority queue until you run out. For
# each notice, update the @clock and invoke the event contained in the notice
until @pq.empty?
current_event = @pq.pop
@clock = current_event.time
send(current_event.event, current_event.args)
end
我使用 Ruby 是因为虽然它看起来像伪代码，但它实际上会运行并产生以下输出：
0: 0
2: 1
4: 2
7: 1
7: 2
11: 1
27: 0
C 实施
我终于抽出一些时间来复习 20 年前的技能并用 C 来实现它。结构与 Ruby 的结构非常相似，但还有很多细节需要管理。我已将此因素考虑到模型、仿真引擎和堆中，以表明执行循环不同于任何特定模型的细节。这是模型实现本身，它说明了构建模型的“事件即函数”方向。
模型.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "sim_engine.h"
// define a task as a suitable structure containing start time and duration
typedef struct {
double start;
double duration;
} task;
// stamp out new tasks on demand
task* new_task(double start, double duration) {
task* t = (task*) calloc(1, sizeof(task));
t->start = start;
t->duration = duration;
return t;
}
// create state variables
static int num_tasks;
// provide reporting
void report() {
// print current simulation time & num_tasks
printf("%8.3lf: %d\n", sim_time(), num_tasks);
}
// define an event for ending a task, which decrements the counter
void end_task(void* current_task) {
--num_tasks;
free(current_task);
report();
}
// define an event for starting a task, that increments the num_tasks counter
// and uses the task duration to schedule when this task will end.
void start_task(void* current_task) {
++num_tasks;
schedule(end_task, ((task*) current_task)->duration, current_task);
report();
}
// all event graphs must supply an initialize event to kickstart the process.
void initialize() {
num_tasks = 0; // number of tasks currently active
// Create an initial set of three tasks. I've wired them in, but they could
// be read in or generated dynamically.
task* task_set[] = {
new_task(2.0, 5.0), new_task(4.0, 23.0), new_task(7.0, 4.0)
};
// Add each of the task's start_task event to the priority queue, ordered
// by time of occurrence. In general, though, events can be scheduled
// dynamically from trigger events.
for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
schedule(start_task, task_set[i]->start, task_set[i]);
}
report();
}
int main() {
run_sim();
return 0;
}
请注意布局与 Ruby 实现的高度相似。除了具有浮点时间之外，输出与 Ruby 版本相同。（如果需要，Ruby 也会给出小数位，但是对于 OP 给出的试用任务，这是不必要的。）
接下来是模拟引擎头文件和实现。请注意，这是为了将模型构建器与直接使用优先级队列隔离开来。细节由schedule()前端处理，将事物放入事件列表，执行循环在正确的时间点提取和运行事物。
sim_engine.h
typedef void (*event_p)(void*);
void initialize();
void schedule(event_p event, double delay, void* args);
void run_sim();
double sim_time();
sim_engine.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "sim_engine.h"
#include "heap.h"
typedef struct {
double time;
event_p event;
void* args;
} event_notice;
static heap_t *event_list;
static double sim_clock;
// return the current simulated time on demand
double sim_time() {
return sim_clock;
}
// schedule the specified event to occur after the specified delay, with args
void schedule(event_p event, double delay, void* args) {
event_notice* en = (event_notice*) calloc(1, sizeof(event_notice));
en->time = sim_clock + delay;
en->event = event;
en->args = args;
push(event_list, en->time, en);
}
// simulation executive loop.
void run_sim() {
event_list = (heap_t *) calloc(1, sizeof(heap_t));
sim_clock = 0.0; // initialize time in the simulation
initialize();
// Keep popping event_notice's off the priority queue until you run out. For
// each notice, update the clock, invoke the event contained in the notice,
// and cleanup.
while(event_list->len > 0) {
event_notice* current_event = pop(event_list);
sim_clock = current_event->time;
current_event->event(current_event->args);
free(current_event);
}
}
最后，优先级队列实现完全从 Rosetta Code 中提取出来，void*进行了重构，并转而用于数据负载而不是字符串。
堆.h
typedef struct {
double priority;
void *data;
} node_t;
typedef struct {
node_t *nodes;
int len;
int size;
} heap_t;
void push(heap_t *h, double priority, void *data);
void *pop(heap_t *h);
堆.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "heap.h"
void push(heap_t *h, double priority, void *data) {
if (h->len + 1 >= h->size) {
h->size = h->size ? h->size * 2 : 4;
h->nodes = (node_t *)realloc(h->nodes, h->size * sizeof (node_t));
}
int i = h->len + 1;
int j = i / 2;
while (i > 1 && h->nodes[j].priority > priority) {
h->nodes[i] = h->nodes[j];
i = j;
j = j / 2;
}
h->nodes[i].priority = priority;
h->nodes[i].data = data;
h->len++;
}
void *pop(heap_t *h) {
int i, j, k;
if (!h->len) {
return NULL;
}
void *data = h->nodes[1].data;
h->nodes[1] = h->nodes[h->len];
h->len--;
i = 1;
while (i!=h->len+1) {
k = h->len+1;
j = 2 * i;
if (j <= h->len && h->nodes[j].priority < h->nodes[k].priority) {
k = j;
}
if (j + 1 <= h->len && h->nodes[j + 1].priority < h->nodes[k].priority) {
k = j + 1;
}
h->nodes[i] = h->nodes[k];
i = k;
}
return data;
}
底线：这种事件调度方法非常灵活，并且可以非常简单地为优先级队列和模拟引擎实现给定的实现。如您所见，引擎实际上非常简单。