我目前正在开展一个项目,在该项目中我正在展开减少的最后一个扭曲。我已经完成了上面的代码;但是,一些修改是通过猜测完成的,我想解释一下原因。我写的代码只有函数kernel4
// in is input array, out is where to store result, n is number of elements from in
// T is a float (32bit)
__global__ void kernel4(T *in, T *out, unsigned int n)
这是一个缩减算法,其余代码已经提供。
代码:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "timer.h"
#include "cuda_utils.h"
typedef float T;
#define N_ (8 * 1024 * 1024)
#define MAX_THREADS 256
#define MAX_BLOCKS 64
#define MIN(x,y) ((x < y) ? x : y)
#define tid threadIdx.x
#define bid blockIdx.x
#define bdim blockDim.x
#define warp_size 32
unsigned int nextPow2( unsigned int x ) {
--x;
x |= x >> 1;
x |= x >> 2;
x |= x >> 4;
x |= x >> 8;
x |= x >> 16;
return ++x;
}
void getNumBlocksAndThreads(int whichKernel, int n, int maxBlocks, int maxThreads, int &blocks, int &threads)
{
if (whichKernel < 3) {
threads = (n < maxThreads) ? nextPow2(n) : maxThreads;
blocks = (n + threads - 1) / threads;
} else {
threads = (n < maxThreads*2) ? nextPow2((n + 1)/ 2) : maxThreads;
blocks = (n + (threads * 2 - 1)) / (threads * 2);
}
if (whichKernel == 5)
blocks = MIN(maxBlocks, blocks);
}
T reduce_cpu(T *data, int n) {
T sum = data[0];
T c = (T) 0.0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
{
T y = data[i] - c;
T t = sum + y;
c = (t - sum) - y;
sum = t;
}
return sum;
}
__global__ void
kernel4(T *in, T *out, unsigned int n)
{
__shared__ volatile T d[MAX_THREADS];
unsigned int i = bid * bdim + tid;
n >>= 1;
d[tid] = (i < n) ? in[i] + in[i+n] : 0;
__syncthreads ();
for(unsigned int s = bdim >> 1; s > warp_size; s >>= 1) {
if(tid < s)
d[tid] += d[tid + s];
__syncthreads ();
}
if (tid < warp_size) {
if (n > 64) d[tid] += d[tid + 32];
if (n > 32) d[tid] += d[tid + 16];
d[tid] += d[tid + 8];
d[tid] += d[tid + 4];
d[tid] += d[tid + 2];
d[tid] += d[tid + 1];
}
if(tid == 0)
out[bid] = d[0];
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
T *h_idata, h_odata, h_cpu;
T *d_idata, *d_odata;
struct stopwatch_t* timer = NULL;
long double t_kernel_4, t_cpu;
int whichKernel = 4, threads, blocks, N, i;
if(argc > 1) {
N = atoi (argv[1]);
printf("N: %d\n", N);
} else {
N = N_;
printf("N: %d\n", N);
}
getNumBlocksAndThreads (whichKernel, N, MAX_BLOCKS, MAX_THREADS, blocks, threads);
stopwatch_init ();
timer = stopwatch_create ();
h_idata = (T*) malloc (N * sizeof (T));
CUDA_CHECK_ERROR (cudaMalloc (&d_idata, N * sizeof (T)));
CUDA_CHECK_ERROR (cudaMalloc (&d_odata, blocks * sizeof (T)));
srand48(time(NULL));
for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
h_idata[i] = drand48() / 100000;
CUDA_CHECK_ERROR (cudaMemcpy (d_idata, h_idata, N * sizeof (T), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
dim3 gb(blocks, 1, 1);
dim3 tb(threads, 1, 1);
kernel4 <<<gb, tb>>> (d_idata, d_odata, N);
cudaThreadSynchronize ();
stopwatch_start (timer);
kernel4 <<<gb, tb>>> (d_idata, d_odata, N);
int s = blocks;
while(s > 1) {
threads = 0;
blocks = 0;
getNumBlocksAndThreads (whichKernel, s, MAX_BLOCKS, MAX_THREADS, blocks, threads);
dim3 gb(blocks, 1, 1);
dim3 tb(threads, 1, 1);
kernel4 <<<gb, tb>>> (d_odata, d_odata, s);
s = (s + threads * 2 - 1) / (threads * 2);
}
cudaThreadSynchronize ();
t_kernel_4 = stopwatch_stop (timer);
fprintf (stdout, "Time to execute unrolled GPU reduction kernel: %Lg secs\n", t_kernel_4);
double bw = (N * sizeof(T)) / (t_kernel_4 * 1e9); // total bits / time
fprintf (stdout, "Effective bandwidth: %.2lf GB/s\n", bw);
CUDA_CHECK_ERROR (cudaMemcpy (&h_odata, d_odata, sizeof (T), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
stopwatch_start (timer);
h_cpu = reduce_cpu (h_idata, N);
t_cpu = stopwatch_stop (timer);
fprintf (stdout, "Time to execute naive CPU reduction: %Lg secs\n", t_cpu);
if(abs (h_odata - h_cpu) > 1e-5)
fprintf(stderr, "FAILURE: GPU: %f CPU: %f\n", h_odata, h_cpu);
else
printf("SUCCESS: GPU: %f CPU: %f\n", h_odata, h_cpu);
return 0;
}
我的第一个问题是:在声明时
__shared__ volatile T d[MAX_THREADS];
我想验证我对 volatile 的理解。Volatile 防止编译器错误地优化我的代码,并承诺加载/存储是通过缓存完成的,而不仅仅是寄存器(如果有错误请纠正我)。对于归约,如果部分归约和仍存储在寄存器中,为什么会出现问题?
我的第二个问题是:在进行实际的翘曲减少时
if (tid < warp_size) { // Final log2(32) = 5 strides
if (n > 64) d[tid] += d[tid + 32];
if (n > 32) d[tid] += d[tid + 16];
d[tid] += d[tid + 8];
d[tid] += d[tid + 4];
d[tid] += d[tid + 2];
d[tid] += d[tid + 1];
}
在没有 (n > 64) 和 (n > 32) 条件的情况下,归约和将产生不正确的结果。我得到的结果是:
FAILURE: GPU: 41.966557 CPU: 41.946209
经过 5 次试验,GPU 缩减始终产生 0.0204 的误差。我很谨慎地认为这是一个浮点运算错误。
老实说,我的老师的助手建议进行此更改以添加 (n > 64) 和 (n > 32) 条件,但没有解释为什么它会修复代码。
由于我的试验中的 n 超过 64,为什么这个条件会改变结果。我很难追溯问题,因为我不能像在 CPU 中那样使用打印功能。