sql - SQL 案例表达式语法？

Question

SQL Case 表达式的完整且正确的语法是什么？

Answer 1

完整的语法取决于您使用的数据库引擎：

对于 SQL Server：

CASE case-expression
    WHEN when-expression-1 THEN value-1
  [ WHEN when-expression-n THEN value-n ... ]
  [ ELSE else-value ]
END

或者：

CASE
    WHEN boolean-when-expression-1 THEN value-1
  [ WHEN boolean-when-expression-n THEN value-n ... ]
  [ ELSE else-value ]
END

表达式等：

case-expression    - something that produces a value
when-expression-x  - something that is compared against the case-expression
value-1            - the result of the CASE statement if:
                         the when-expression == case-expression
                      OR the boolean-when-expression == TRUE
boolean-when-exp.. - something that produces a TRUE/FALSE answer

链接：案例（Transact-SQL）

另请注意，WHEN 语句的顺序很重要。您可以轻松编写多个重叠的 WHEN 子句，并使用第一个匹配的WHEN 子句。

注意：如果没有指定 ELSE 子句，并且没有找到匹配的 WHEN 条件，则 CASE 表达式的值为NULL。

Answer 2

考虑到您标记了多个产品，我想说完全正确的语法是 ISO/ANSI SQL-92 标准中的语法：

<case expression> ::=
       <case abbreviation>
     | <case specification>

<case abbreviation> ::=
       NULLIF <left paren> <value expression> <comma>
              <value expression> <right paren>
     | COALESCE <left paren> <value expression>
                { <comma> <value expression> }... <right paren>

<case specification> ::=
       <simple case>
     | <searched case>

<simple case> ::=
     CASE <case operand>
          <simple when clause>...
        [ <else clause> ]
     END

<searched case> ::=
     CASE
       <searched when clause>...
     [ <else clause> ]
     END

<simple when clause> ::= WHEN <when operand> THEN <result>

<searched when clause> ::= WHEN <search condition> THEN <result>

<else clause> ::= ELSE <result>

<case operand> ::= <value expression>

<when operand> ::= <value expression>

<result> ::= <result expression> | NULL

<result expression> ::= <value expression>

语法规则

1) NULLIF (V1, V2) is equivalent to the following <case specification>:

     CASE WHEN V1=V2 THEN NULL ELSE V1 END

2) COALESCE (V1, V2) is equivalent to the following <case specification>:

     CASE WHEN V1 IS NOT NULL THEN V1 ELSE V2 END

3) COALESCE (V1, V2, . . . ,n ), for n >= 3, is equivalent to the
   following <case specification>:

     CASE WHEN V1 IS NOT NULL THEN V1 ELSE COALESCE (V2, . . . ,n )
     END

4) If a <case specification> specifies a <simple case>, then let CO
   be the <case operand>:

   a) The data type of each <when operand> WO shall be comparable
      with the data type of the <case operand>.

   b) The <case specification> is equivalent to a <searched case>
      in which each <searched when clause> specifies a <search
      condition> of the form "CO=WO".

5) At least one <result> in a <case specification> shall specify a
   <result expression>.

6) If an <else clause> is not specified, then ELSE NULL is im-
   plicit.

7) The data type of a <case specification> is determined by ap-
   plying Subclause 9.3, "Set operation result data types", to the
   data types of all <result expression>s in the <case specifica-
   tion>.

Access Rules

   None.

General Rules

1) Case:

   a) If a <result> specifies NULL, then its value is the null
      value.

   b) If a <result> specifies a <value expression>, then its value
      is the value of that <value expression>.

2) Case:

   a) If the <search condition> of some <searched when clause> in
      a <case specification> is true, then the value of the <case
      specification> is the value of the <result> of the first
      (leftmost) <searched when clause> whose <search condition> is
      true, cast as the data type of the <case specification>.

   b) If no <search condition> in a <case specification> is true,
      then the value of the <case expression> is the value of the
      <result> of the explicit or implicit <else clause>, cast as
      the data type of the <case specification>.

Answer 3

以下是CASEPostgreSQL 文档中的语句示例（此处 Postgres 遵循 SQL 标准）：

SELECT a,
   CASE WHEN a=1 THEN 'one'
        WHEN a=2 THEN 'two'
        ELSE 'other'
   END
FROM test;

或者

SELECT a,
   CASE a WHEN 1 THEN 'one'
          WHEN 2 THEN 'two'
          ELSE 'other'
   END
FROM test;

显然，当您仅根据可能值列表检查一个字段时，第二种形式更清晰。第一种形式允许更复杂的表达式。

Answer 4

Sybase 的大小写语法与 SQL Server 相同：

描述

支持条件SQL表达式；可以在任何可以使用值表达式的地方使用。

句法

case 
     when search_condition then expression 
    [when search_condition then expression]...
    [else expression]
end

大小写和值语法

case expression
     when expression then expression 
    [when expression then expression]...
    [else expression]
end

参数

案子

开始 case 表达式。

什么时候

在要比较的搜索条件或表达式之前。

搜索条件

用于设置所选结果的条件。case 表达式的搜索条件类似于 where 子句中的搜索条件。Transact-SQL 用户指南中详细介绍了搜索条件。

然后

在指定 case 结果值的表达式之前。

表达

是列名、常量、函数、子查询，或通过算术或位运算符连接的列名、常量和函数的任意组合。有关表达式的更多信息，请参阅中的“表达式”。

例子

select disaster, 
       case
            when disaster = "earthquake" 
                then "stand in doorway"
            when disaster = "nuclear apocalypse" 
                then "hide in basement"
            when monster = "zombie apocalypse" 
                then "hide with Chuck Norris"
            else
                then "ask mom"
       end 
  from endoftheworld

Answer 5

我挖出了相同的 Oracle 页面，看起来这是相同的语法，只是描述略有不同。

链接：Oracle/PLSQL：案例陈述

Answer 6

11g 文档中的Oracle语法：

CASE { simple_case_expression | searched_case_expression }
     [ else_clause ]
     END

simple_case_expression

expr { WHEN comparison_expr THEN return_expr }...

searched_case_expression

{ WHEN condition THEN return_expr }...

else_clause

ELSE else_expr

Answer 7

在这里，您可以找到SQL 中 MySQL 案例语句的完整指南。

CASE
     WHEN some_condition THEN return_some_value
     ELSE return_some_other_value
END

Answer 8

SQL SERVER 中的 case 语句语法：

CASE column
   WHEN value1 THEN 1
   WHEN value3 THEN 2
   WHEN value3 THEN 3
   WHEN value1 THEN 4
   ELSE ''
END

我们也可以像下面这样使用：

CASE 
   WHEN column=value1 THEN 1
   WHEN column=value3 THEN 2
   WHEN column=value3 THEN 3
   WHEN column=value1 THEN 4
   ELSE ''
END