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我正在使用隐马尔可夫模型来解决股市预测问题。我的数据矩阵包含特定安全性的各种功能:

01-01-2001, .025, .012, .01
01-02-2001, -.005, -.023, .02

我适合一个简单的 GaussianHMM:

from hmmlearn import GaussianHMM
mdl = GaussianHMM(n_components=3,covariance_type='diag',n_iter=1000)
mdl.fit(train[:,1:])

使用模型 (λ),我可以对观察向量进行解码,以找到与观察向量对应的最可能的隐藏状态序列:

print mdl.decode(test[0:5,1:])
(72.75, array([2, 1, 2, 0, 0]))

上面,我已经解码了包含测试集中前五个实例的观察向量 O t = (O 1 , O 2 , ..., O d ) 的隐藏状态序列。我想估计测试集中第六个实例的隐藏状态。这个想法是迭代第六个实例的一组离散的可能特征值,并选择具有最高似然性 argmax = P(O 1 , O 2 , ..., O d+1 | λ的观察序列 O t+1)。一旦我们观察到 O d+1的真实特征值,我们可以将序列(长度为 5)移动 1 并重新做一遍:

    l = 5
    for i in xrange(len(test)-l):
        values = []
        for a in arange(-0.05,0.05,.01):
            for b in arange(-0.05,0.05,.01):
                for c in arange(-0.05,0.05,.01):
                    values.append(mdl.decode(vstack((test[i:i+l,1:],array([a,b,c])))))
     print max(enumerate(values),key=lambda x: x[1])

问题是当我解码观察向量 O t+1时,具有最高似然性的预测几乎总是相同的(例如,具有最高似然性的估计总是具有 O d+1的特征值等于 [ 0.04 0.04 0.04] 和是隐藏状态[0]):

(555, (74.71248518927949, array([2, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0]))) [ 0.04  0.04  0.04]
(555, (69.41963358191555, array([2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0]))) [ 0.04  0.04  0.04]
(555, (77.11516871816922, array([2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]))) [ 0.04  0.04  0.04]

我完全有可能误解了 的目的mdl.decode,从而错误地使用了它。如果是这种情况,我怎样才能最好地迭代 O d+1的可能值,然后最大化 P(O 1 , O 2 , ..., O d+1 | λ)?

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1 回答 1

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你的实际值有界[-0.05, 0.05)吗?

当我最初构建一个示例数据集来查看您的问题时,我在[0,1]. (a,b,c)当我这样做时,我也得到了与您观察到的相同的结果——对于每个序列,对于第六个条目,总是最大值,并且总是相同的预测类。但是考虑到我的数据分布(均匀分布在0和之间)比第六个条目(在和之间)1的网格搜索值具有更大的集中趋势,因此 HMM 总是选择最高值三元组是有道理的,因为那是最接近它训练过的分布的主要密度。-.05.05(.04,.04,.04)

[-0.05,0.05)当我重新构建数据集时,在我们允许第六个条目O_t+1(从您的示例数据来看,您似乎确实至少有正值和负值,但您可以尝试绘制每个特征的分布,看看您可能的第六项值范围是否都合理。

这是一些示例数据和评估代码。每当有一个新的最佳(a,b,c)序列时,或者当第 6 次观察的预测发生变化时,它都会打印出一条消息(只是为了表明它们并不完全相同)。每个 6 元素序列的最高可能性以及预测和最佳第 6 个数据点存储在best_per_span.

首先,构建一个样本数据集:

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

dates = pd.date_range(start="01-01-2001", end="31-12-2001", freq='D')
n_obs = len(dates)
n_feat = 3
values = np.random.uniform(-.05, .05, size=n_obs*n_feat).reshape((n_obs,n_feat))
df = pd.DataFrame(values, index=dates)

df.head()
                   0         1         2
2001-01-01  0.020891 -0.048750 -0.027131
2001-01-02  0.013571 -0.011283  0.041322
2001-01-03 -0.008102  0.034088 -0.029202
2001-01-04 -0.019666 -0.005705 -0.003531
2001-01-05 -0.000238 -0.039251  0.029307

现在分成训练集和测试集:

train_pct = 0.7
train_size = round(train_pct*n_obs)
train_ix = np.random.choice(range(n_obs), size=train_size, replace=False)
train_dates = df.index[train_ix]

train = df.loc[train_dates]
test = df.loc[~df.index.isin(train_dates)]

train.shape # (255, 3)
test.shape # (110, 3)

在训练数据上拟合三态 HMM:

# hmm throws a lot of deprecation warnings, we'll suppress them.
import warnings
with warnings.catch_warnings():
    warnings.filterwarnings("ignore",category=DeprecationWarning)
    # in the most recent hmmlearn we can't import GaussianHMM directly anymore.
    from hmmlearn import hmm

mdl = hmm.GaussianHMM(n_components=3, covariance_type='diag', n_iter=1000)
mdl.fit(train)

现在网格搜索最佳第 6 个 ( t+1) 观察:

# length of O_t
span = 5

# final store of optimal configurations per O_t+1 sequence
best_per_span = []

# update these to demonstrate heterogenous outcomes
current_abc = None
current_pred = None

for start in range(len(test)-span):
    flag = False
    end = start + span
    first_five = test.iloc[start:end].values
    output = []
    for a in np.arange(-0.05,0.05,.01):
        for b in np.arange(-0.05,0.05,.01):
            for c in np.arange(-0.05,0.05,.01):
                sixth = np.array([a, b, c])[:, np.newaxis].T
                all_six = np.append(first_five, sixth, axis=0)
                output.append((mdl.decode(all_six), (a,b,c)))

    best = max(output, key=lambda x: x[0][0])

    best_dict = {"start":start,
                 "end":end,
                 "sixth":best[1],
                 "preds":best[0][1],
                 "lik":best[0][0]}  
    best_per_span.append(best_dict)

    # below here is all reporting
    if best_dict["sixth"] != current_abc:
        current_abc = best_dict["sixth"]
        flag = True
        print("New abc for range {}:{} = {}".format(start, end, current_abc))

    if best_dict["preds"][-1] != current_pred:
        current_pred = best_dict["preds"][-1]
        flag = True
        print("New pred for 6th position: {}".format(current_pred))

    if flag:
        print("Test sequence StartIx: {}, EndIx: {}".format(start, end))
        print("Best 6th value: {}".format(best_dict["sixth"]))
        print("Predicted hidden state sequence: {}".format(best_dict["preds"]))
        print("Likelihood: {}\n".format(best_dict["nLL"]))

循环运行时报告输出示例:

New abc for range 3:8 = [-0.01, 0.01, 0.0]
New pred for 6th position: 1
Test sequence StartIx: 3, EndIx: 8
Best 6th value: [-0.01, 0.01, 0.0]
Predicted hidden state sequence: [0 2 2 1 0 1]
Likelihood: 35.30144407374163

New abc for range 18:23 = [-0.01, -0.01, -0.01]
New pred for 6th position: 2
Test sequence StartIx: 18, EndIx: 23
Best 6th value: [-0.01, -0.01, -0.01]
Predicted hidden state sequence: [0 0 0 1 2 2]
Likelihood: 34.31813078939214

示例输出best_per_span

[{'end': 5,
  'lik': 33.791537281734904,
  'preds': array([0, 2, 0, 1, 2, 2]),
  'sixth': [-0.01, -0.01, -0.01],
  'start': 0},
 {'end': 6,
  'lik': 33.28967307589143,
  'preds': array([0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2]),
  'sixth': [-0.01, -0.01, -0.01],
  'start': 1},
 {'end': 7,
  'lik': 34.446813870838156,
  'preds': array([0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2]),
  'sixth': [-0.01, -0.01, -0.01],
  'start': 2}]

除了报告元素之外,这对您的初始方法没有重大改变,但它似乎确实按预期工作,而不会每次都达到最大值。

于 2017-08-15T22:17:04.430 回答