55

我正在尝试使用 Swift 4 中的新 JSONDecoder/Encoder 找到对符合 swift 协议的结构数组进行编码/解码的最佳方法。

我做了一个小例子来说明这个问题:

首先我们有一个协议标签和一些符合这个协议的类型。

protocol Tag: Codable {
    var type: String { get }
    var value: String { get }
}

struct AuthorTag: Tag {
    let type = "author"
    let value: String
}

struct GenreTag: Tag {
    let type = "genre"
    let value: String
}

然后我们有一个类型文章,它有一个标签数组。

struct Article: Codable {
    let tags: [Tag]
    let title: String
}

最后我们对文章进行编码或解码

let article = Article(tags: [AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value"), GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value")], title: "Article Title")


let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(article)
let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)

这是我喜欢的 JSON 结构。

{
 "title": "Article Title",
 "tags": [
     {
       "type": "author",
       "value": "Author Tag Value"
     },
     {
       "type": "genre",
       "value": "Genre Tag Value"
     }
 ]
}

问题是在某些时候我必须打开 type 属性来解码 Array 但要解码 Array 我必须知道它的类型。

编辑:

我很清楚为什么 Decodable 不能开箱即用,但至少 Encodable 应该可以工作。以下修改后的 Article 结构编译但崩溃并显示以下错误消息。

fatal error: Array<Tag> does not conform to Encodable because Tag does not conform to Encodable.: file /Library/Caches/com.apple.xbs/Sources/swiftlang/swiftlang-900.0.43/src/swift/stdlib/public/core/Codable.swift, line 3280

struct Article: Encodable {
    let tags: [Tag]
    let title: String

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case tags
        case title
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        try container.encode(tags, forKey: .tags)
        try container.encode(title, forKey: .title)
    }
}

let article = Article(tags: [AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag"), GenreTag(value:"A Genre Tag")], title: "A Title")

let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(article)
let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)

这是 Codeable.swift 的相关部分

guard Element.self is Encodable.Type else {
    preconditionFailure("\(type(of: self)) does not conform to Encodable because \(Element.self) does not conform to Encodable.")
}

来源:https ://github.com/apple/swift/blob/master/stdlib/public/core/Codable.swift

4

4 回答 4

108

您的第一个示例无法编译(并且您的第二个示例崩溃)的原因是因为协议不符合自己-不是符合Tag的类型Codable,因此也不符合[Tag]. 因此Article不会获得自动生成的Codable一致性,因为并非所有属性都符合Codable.

仅对协议中列出的属性进行编码和解码

如果您只想对协议中列出的属性进行编码和解码,一种解决方案是简单地使用AnyTag仅包含这些属性的类型擦除器,然后可以提供Codable一致性。

然后,您可以拥有Article此类型擦除包装器的数组,而不是Tag

struct AnyTag : Tag, Codable {

    let type: String
    let value: String

    init(_ base: Tag) {
        self.type = base.type
        self.value = base.value
    }
}

struct Article: Codable {
    let tags: [AnyTag]
    let title: String
}

let tags: [Tag] = [
    AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value"),
    GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value")
]

let article = Article(tags: tags.map(AnyTag.init), title: "Article Title")

let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
jsonEncoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted

let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(article)

if let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8) {
    print(jsonString)
}

输出以下 JSON 字符串:

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "type" : "author",
      "value" : "Author Tag Value"
    },
    {
      "type" : "genre",
      "value" : "Genre Tag Value"
    }
  ]
}

并且可以像这样解码:

let decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode(Article.self, from: jsonData)

print(decoded)

// Article(tags: [
//                 AnyTag(type: "author", value: "Author Tag Value"),
//                 AnyTag(type: "genre", value: "Genre Tag Value")
//               ], title: "Article Title")

编码和解码符合类型的所有属性

但是,如果您需要对给定符合类型的每个Tag属性进行编码和解码,您可能希望以某种方式将类型信息存储在 JSON 中。

我会使用一个enum来做到这一点:

enum TagType : String, Codable {

    // be careful not to rename these – the encoding/decoding relies on the string
    // values of the cases. If you want the decoding to be reliant on case
    // position rather than name, then you can change to enum TagType : Int.
    // (the advantage of the String rawValue is that the JSON is more readable)
    case author, genre

    var metatype: Tag.Type {
        switch self {
        case .author:
            return AuthorTag.self
        case .genre:
            return GenreTag.self
        }
    }
}

这比仅使用纯字符串来表示类型要好,因为编译器可以检查我们是否为每种情况提供了元类型。

然后您只需要更改Tag协议,使其需要符合类型来实现static描述其类型的属性:

protocol Tag : Codable {
    static var type: TagType { get }
    var value: String { get }
}

struct AuthorTag : Tag {

    static var type = TagType.author
    let value: String

    var foo: Float
}

struct GenreTag : Tag {

    static var type = TagType.genre
    let value: String

    var baz: String
}

然后我们需要调整类型擦除包装器的实现,以便TagType与 base 一起编码和解码Tag

struct AnyTag : Codable {

    var base: Tag

    init(_ base: Tag) {
        self.base = base
    }

    private enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
        case type, base
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        let type = try container.decode(TagType.self, forKey: .type)
        self.base = try type.metatype.init(from: container.superDecoder(forKey: .base))
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(type(of: base).type, forKey: .type)
        try base.encode(to: container.superEncoder(forKey: .base))
    }
}

我们正在使用超级编码器/解码器,以确保给定符合类型的属性键不会与用于编码该类型的键冲突。例如,编码后的 JSON 将如下所示:

{
  "type" : "author",
  "base" : {
    "value" : "Author Tag Value",
    "foo" : 56.7
  }
}

但是,如果您知道不会发生冲突,并且希望属性在与“类型”键相同的级别进行编码/解码,则 JSON 看起来像这样:

{
  "type" : "author",
  "value" : "Author Tag Value",
  "foo" : 56.7
}

您可以在上面的代码中传递decoder而不是container.superDecoder(forKey: .base)&encoder而不是。container.superEncoder(forKey: .base)

作为可选步骤,我们可以自定义Codable实现Article,而不是依赖于自动生成的与tagstype 属性的一致性[AnyTag],我们可以提供我们自己的实现,将 a 装箱[Tag][AnyTag]编码前,然后拆箱进行解码:

struct Article {

    let tags: [Tag]
    let title: String

    init(tags: [Tag], title: String) {
        self.tags = tags
        self.title = title
    }
}

extension Article : Codable {

    private enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
        case tags, title
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {

        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        self.tags = try container.decode([AnyTag].self, forKey: .tags).map { $0.base }
        self.title = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .title)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(tags.map(AnyTag.init), forKey: .tags)
        try container.encode(title, forKey: .title)
    }
}

这允许我们将tags属性设置为类型[Tag],而不是[AnyTag]

现在我们可以对枚举Tag中列出的任何符合要求的类型进行编码和解码:TagType

let tags: [Tag] = [
    AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value", foo: 56.7),
    GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value", baz: "hello world")
]

let article = Article(tags: tags, title: "Article Title")

let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
jsonEncoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted

let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(article)

if let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8) {
    print(jsonString)
}

输出 JSON 字符串:

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "type" : "author",
      "base" : {
        "value" : "Author Tag Value",
        "foo" : 56.7
      }
    },
    {
      "type" : "genre",
      "base" : {
        "value" : "Genre Tag Value",
        "baz" : "hello world"
      }
    }
  ]
}

然后可以像这样解码:

let decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode(Article.self, from: jsonData)

print(decoded)

// Article(tags: [
//                 AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value", foo: 56.7000008),
//                 GenreTag(value: "Genre Tag Value", baz: "hello world")
//               ],
//         title: "Article Title")
于 2017-06-10T12:08:44.613 回答
8

受@Hamish 回答的启发。我发现他的方法是合理的,但是几乎没有什么可以改进的:

  1. 映射数组[Tag]和从[AnyTag]inArticle离开我们没有自动生成的Codable一致性
  2. 基类的编码/编码数组不可能有相同的代码,因为static var type不能在子类中被覆盖。(例如 ifTagAuthorTag&的超类GenreTag
  3. 最重要的是,此代码不能用于其他类型,您需要创建新的 Any AnotherType包装器,它是内部编码/编码。

我做了稍微不同的解决方案,而不是包装数组的每个元素,可以在整个数组上制作包装器:

struct MetaArray<M: Meta>: Codable, ExpressibleByArrayLiteral {

    let array: [M.Element]

    init(_ array: [M.Element]) {
        self.array = array
    }

    init(arrayLiteral elements: M.Element...) {
        self.array = elements
    }

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case metatype
        case object
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        var container = try decoder.unkeyedContainer()

        var elements: [M.Element] = []
        while !container.isAtEnd {
            let nested = try container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
            let metatype = try nested.decode(M.self, forKey: .metatype)

            let superDecoder = try nested.superDecoder(forKey: .object)
            let object = try metatype.type.init(from: superDecoder)
            if let element = object as? M.Element {
                elements.append(element)
            }
        }
        array = elements
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.unkeyedContainer()
        try array.forEach { object in
            let metatype = M.metatype(for: object)
            var nested = container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
            try nested.encode(metatype, forKey: .metatype)
            let superEncoder = nested.superEncoder(forKey: .object)

            let encodable = object as? Encodable
            try encodable?.encode(to: superEncoder)
        }
    }
}

Meta通用协议在哪里:

protocol Meta: Codable {
    associatedtype Element

    static func metatype(for element: Element) -> Self
    var type: Decodable.Type { get }
}

现在,存储标签将如下所示:

enum TagMetatype: String, Meta {

    typealias Element = Tag

    case author
    case genre

    static func metatype(for element: Tag) -> TagMetatype {
        return element.metatype
    }

    var type: Decodable.Type {
        switch self {
        case .author: return AuthorTag.self
        case .genre: return GenreTag.self
        }
    }
}

struct AuthorTag: Tag {
    var metatype: TagMetatype { return .author } // keep computed to prevent auto-encoding
    let value: String
}

struct GenreTag: Tag {
    var metatype: TagMetatype { return .genre } // keep computed to prevent auto-encoding
    let value: String
}

struct Article: Codable {
    let title: String
    let tags: MetaArray<TagMetatype>
}

结果 JSON:

let article = Article(title: "Article Title",
                      tags: [AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value"),
                             GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value")])

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "metatype" : "author",
      "object" : {
        "value" : "Author Tag Value"
      }
    },
    {
      "metatype" : "genre",
      "object" : {
        "value" : "Genre Tag Value"
      }
    }
  ]
}

如果您希望 JSON 看起来更漂亮:

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "author" : {
        "value" : "Author Tag Value"
      }
    },
    {
      "genre" : {
        "value" : "Genre Tag Value"
      }
    }
  ]
}

添加到Meta协议

protocol Meta: Codable {
    associatedtype Element
    static func metatype(for element: Element) -> Self
    var type: Decodable.Type { get }

    init?(rawValue: String)
    var rawValue: String { get }
}

并替换CodingKeys为:

struct MetaArray<M: Meta>: Codable, ExpressibleByArrayLiteral {

    let array: [M.Element]

    init(array: [M.Element]) {
        self.array = array
    }

    init(arrayLiteral elements: M.Element...) {
        self.array = elements
    }

    struct ElementKey: CodingKey {
        var stringValue: String
        init?(stringValue: String) {
            self.stringValue = stringValue
        }

        var intValue: Int? { return nil }
        init?(intValue: Int) { return nil }
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        var container = try decoder.unkeyedContainer()

        var elements: [M.Element] = []
        while !container.isAtEnd {
            let nested = try container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: ElementKey.self)
            guard let key = nested.allKeys.first else { continue }
            let metatype = M(rawValue: key.stringValue)
            let superDecoder = try nested.superDecoder(forKey: key)
            let object = try metatype?.type.init(from: superDecoder)
            if let element = object as? M.Element {
                elements.append(element)
            }
        }
        array = elements
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.unkeyedContainer()
        try array.forEach { object in
            var nested = container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: ElementKey.self)
            let metatype = M.metatype(for: object)
            if let key = ElementKey(stringValue: metatype.rawValue) {
                let superEncoder = nested.superEncoder(forKey: key)
                let encodable = object as? Encodable
                try encodable?.encode(to: superEncoder)
            }
        }
    }
}
于 2018-10-24T10:11:00.077 回答
4

从接受的答案中得出,我最终得到了可以粘贴到 Xcode Playground 中的以下代码。我使用这个基础向我的应用程序添加了一个可编码的协议。

输出看起来像这样,没有接受答案中提到的嵌套。

ORIGINAL:
▿ __lldb_expr_33.Parent
  - title: "Parent Struct"
  ▿ items: 2 elements
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.NumberItem
      - commonProtocolString: "common string from protocol"
      - numberUniqueToThisStruct: 42
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.StringItem
      - commonProtocolString: "protocol member string"
      - stringUniqueToThisStruct: "a random string"

ENCODED TO JSON:
{
  "title" : "Parent Struct",
  "items" : [
    {
      "type" : "numberItem",
      "numberUniqueToThisStruct" : 42,
      "commonProtocolString" : "common string from protocol"
    },
    {
      "type" : "stringItem",
      "stringUniqueToThisStruct" : "a random string",
      "commonProtocolString" : "protocol member string"
    }
  ]
}

DECODED FROM JSON:
▿ __lldb_expr_33.Parent
  - title: "Parent Struct"
  ▿ items: 2 elements
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.NumberItem
      - commonProtocolString: "common string from protocol"
      - numberUniqueToThisStruct: 42
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.StringItem
      - commonProtocolString: "protocol member string"
      - stringUniqueToThisStruct: "a random string"

粘贴到您的 Xcode 项目或 Playground 中并根据您的喜好进行自定义:

import Foundation

struct Parent: Codable {
    let title: String
    let items: [Item]

    init(title: String, items: [Item]) {
        self.title = title
        self.items = items
    }

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case title
        case items
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(title, forKey: .title)
        try container.encode(items.map({ AnyItem($0) }), forKey: .items)
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        title = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .title)
        items = try container.decode([AnyItem].self, forKey: .items).map { $0.item }
    }

}

protocol Item: Codable {
    static var type: ItemType { get }

    var commonProtocolString: String { get }
}

enum ItemType: String, Codable {

    case numberItem
    case stringItem

    var metatype: Item.Type {
        switch self {
        case .numberItem: return NumberItem.self
        case .stringItem: return StringItem.self
        }
    }
}

struct NumberItem: Item {
    static var type = ItemType.numberItem

    let commonProtocolString = "common string from protocol"
    let numberUniqueToThisStruct = 42
}

struct StringItem: Item {
    static var type = ItemType.stringItem

    let commonProtocolString = "protocol member string"
    let stringUniqueToThisStruct = "a random string"
}

struct AnyItem: Codable {

    var item: Item

    init(_ item: Item) {
        self.item = item
    }

    private enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
        case type
        case item
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(type(of: item).type, forKey: .type)
        try item.encode(to: encoder)
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        let type = try container.decode(ItemType.self, forKey: .type)
        self.item = try type.metatype.init(from: decoder)
    }

}

func testCodableProtocol() {
    var items = [Item]()
    items.append(NumberItem())
    items.append(StringItem())
    let parent = Parent(title: "Parent Struct", items: items)

    print("ORIGINAL:")
    dump(parent)
    print("")

    let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
    jsonEncoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted
    let jsonData = try! jsonEncoder.encode(parent)
    let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)!
    print("ENCODED TO JSON:")
    print(jsonString)
    print("")

    let jsonDecoder = JSONDecoder()
    let decoded = try! jsonDecoder.decode(type(of: parent), from: jsonData)
    print("DECODED FROM JSON:")
    dump(decoded)
    print("")
}
testCodableProtocol()
于 2018-05-02T21:46:33.033 回答
1

为什么不使用枚举作为标签的类型?

struct Tag: Codable {
  let type: TagType
  let value: String

  enum TagType: String, Codable {
    case author
    case genre
  }
}

然后,您可以进行类似的编码try? JSONEncoder().encode(tag)或解码,let tags = try? JSONDecoder().decode([Tag].self, from: jsonData)并进行任何类型的处理,如按类型过滤标签。您也可以对 Article 结构执行相同操作:

struct Tag: Codable {
    let type: TagType
    let value: String

    enum TagType: String, Codable {
        case author
        case genre
    }
}

struct Article: Codable {
    let tags: [Tag]
    let title: String

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case tags
        case title
    }
}

于 2020-05-22T09:57:58.220 回答