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我目前正在通过Microsoft SQL Server 2008 - 数据库开发（MCTS 考试 70-433）认证。在有关组合数据集的早期章节之一中，我遇到了EXCEPT(and INTERSECT) 命令。一个示例显示了如何使用EXCEPT从一个表中获取所有值，而这些值在第二个表中没有相关值，如下所示：

SELECT EmployeeKey FROM DimEmployee
EXCEPT
SELECT EmployeeKey FROM FactResellerSales

该EXCEPT命令对我来说是新的，但是根据我今天之前所知道的，我仍然可以使用 a 轻松解决问题并通过以下方式LEFT JOIN检查连接约束：IS NULL

SELECT DISTINCT DimEmployee.EmployeeKey FROM DimEmployee
LEFT JOIN FactResellerSales ON FactResellerSales.EmployeeKey = DimEmployee.EmployeeKey
WHERE FactResellerSales.EmployeeKey IS NULL

现在我开始想知道其中哪一个性能最好。我试图研究查询执行计划，但我不太擅长阅读这些计划，所以这并没有让我变得更聪明。对于使用 的查询EXCEPT，计划如下所示：

|--Nested Loops(Left Anti Semi Join, OUTER REFERENCES:([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[DimEmployee].[EmployeeKey], [Expr1006]) WITH UNORDERED PREFETCH)
    |--Index Scan(OBJECT:([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[DimEmployee].[IX_DimEmployee_SalesTerritoryKey]))
    |--Top(TOP EXPRESSION:((1)))
        |--Index Seek(OBJECT:([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[FactResellerSales].[IX_FactResellerSales_EmployeeKey]), SEEK:([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[FactResellerSales].[EmployeeKey]=[AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[DimEmployee].[EmployeeKey]) ORDERED FORWARD)

对于使用它的人来说，LEFT JOIN它看起来像这样：

|--Stream Aggregate(GROUP BY:([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[DimEmployee].[EmployeeKey]))
    |--Filter(WHERE:([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[FactResellerSales].[EmployeeKey] IS NULL))
        |--Merge Join(Left Outer Join, MERGE:([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[DimEmployee].[EmployeeKey])=([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[FactResellerSales].[EmployeeKey]), RESIDUAL:([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[FactResellerSales].[EmployeeKey]=[AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[DimEmployee].[EmployeeKey]))
            |--Clustered Index Scan(OBJECT:([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[DimEmployee].[PK_DimEmployee_EmployeeKey]), ORDERED FORWARD)
            |--Index Scan(OBJECT:([AdventureWorksDW2008].[dbo].[FactResellerSales].[IX_FactResellerSales_EmployeeKey]), ORDERED FORWARD)

查询中使用的表来自AdventureWorksDW2008示例数据库，因此下面我还包括了两个表的创建脚本，以防需要正确回答问题：

USE [AdventureWorksDW2008]
GO

/****** Object:  Table [dbo].[DimEmployee]    Script Date: 11/22/2010 20:30:20 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO

SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[DimEmployee](
    [EmployeeKey] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
    [ParentEmployeeKey] [int] NULL,
    [EmployeeNationalIDAlternateKey] [nvarchar](15) NULL,
    [ParentEmployeeNationalIDAlternateKey] [nvarchar](15) NULL,
    [SalesTerritoryKey] [int] NULL,
    [FirstName] [nvarchar](50) NOT NULL,
    [LastName] [nvarchar](50) NOT NULL,
    [MiddleName] [nvarchar](50) NULL,
    [NameStyle] [bit] NOT NULL,
    [Title] [nvarchar](50) NULL,
    [HireDate] [date] NULL,
    [BirthDate] [date] NULL,
    [LoginID] [nvarchar](256) NULL,
    [EmailAddress] [nvarchar](50) NULL,
    [Phone] [nvarchar](25) NULL,
    [MaritalStatus] [nchar](1) NULL,
    [EmergencyContactName] [nvarchar](50) NULL,
    [EmergencyContactPhone] [nvarchar](25) NULL,
    [SalariedFlag] [bit] NULL,
    [Gender] [nchar](1) NULL,
    [PayFrequency] [tinyint] NULL,
    [BaseRate] [money] NULL,
    [VacationHours] [smallint] NULL,
    [SickLeaveHours] [smallint] NULL,
    [CurrentFlag] [bit] NOT NULL,
    [SalesPersonFlag] [bit] NOT NULL,
    [DepartmentName] [nvarchar](50) NULL,
    [StartDate] [date] NULL,
    [EndDate] [date] NULL,
    [Status] [nvarchar](50) NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_DimEmployee_EmployeeKey] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
    [EmployeeKey] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX  = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE  = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS  = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS  = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[DimEmployee]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_DimEmployee_DimEmployee] FOREIGN KEY([ParentEmployeeKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimEmployee] ([EmployeeKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[DimEmployee] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_DimEmployee_DimEmployee]
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[DimEmployee]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_DimEmployee_DimSalesTerritory] FOREIGN KEY([SalesTerritoryKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimSalesTerritory] ([SalesTerritoryKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[DimEmployee] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_DimEmployee_DimSalesTerritory]
GO

第二张表：

USE [AdventureWorksDW2008]
GO

/****** Object:  Table [dbo].[FactResellerSales]    Script Date: 11/22/2010 20:30:47 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO

SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales](
    [ProductKey] [int] NOT NULL,
    [OrderDateKey] [int] NOT NULL,
    [DueDateKey] [int] NOT NULL,
    [ShipDateKey] [int] NOT NULL,
    [ResellerKey] [int] NOT NULL,
    [EmployeeKey] [int] NOT NULL,
    [PromotionKey] [int] NOT NULL,
    [CurrencyKey] [int] NOT NULL,
    [SalesTerritoryKey] [int] NOT NULL,
    [SalesOrderNumber] [nvarchar](20) NOT NULL,
    [SalesOrderLineNumber] [tinyint] NOT NULL,
    [RevisionNumber] [tinyint] NULL,
    [OrderQuantity] [smallint] NULL,
    [UnitPrice] [money] NULL,
    [ExtendedAmount] [money] NULL,
    [UnitPriceDiscountPct] [float] NULL,
    [DiscountAmount] [float] NULL,
    [ProductStandardCost] [money] NULL,
    [TotalProductCost] [money] NULL,
    [SalesAmount] [money] NULL,
    [TaxAmt] [money] NULL,
    [Freight] [money] NULL,
    [CarrierTrackingNumber] [nvarchar](25) NULL,
    [CustomerPONumber] [nvarchar](25) NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_FactResellerSales_SalesOrderNumber_SalesOrderLineNumber] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
    [SalesOrderNumber] ASC,
    [SalesOrderLineNumber] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX  = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE  = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS  = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS  = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimCurrency] FOREIGN KEY([CurrencyKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimCurrency] ([CurrencyKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimCurrency]
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimDate] FOREIGN KEY([OrderDateKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimDate] ([DateKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimDate]
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimDate1] FOREIGN KEY([DueDateKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimDate] ([DateKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimDate1]
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimDate2] FOREIGN KEY([ShipDateKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimDate] ([DateKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimDate2]
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimEmployee] FOREIGN KEY([EmployeeKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimEmployee] ([EmployeeKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimEmployee]
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimProduct] FOREIGN KEY([ProductKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimProduct] ([ProductKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimProduct]
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimPromotion] FOREIGN KEY([PromotionKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimPromotion] ([PromotionKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimPromotion]
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimReseller] FOREIGN KEY([ResellerKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimReseller] ([ResellerKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimReseller]
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimSalesTerritory] FOREIGN KEY([SalesTerritoryKey])
REFERENCES [dbo].[DimSalesTerritory] ([SalesTerritoryKey])
GO

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FactResellerSales] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FactResellerSales_DimSalesTerritory]
GO

这个问题使用了一个非常具体的示例，但我也对有关何时/是否适合使用EXCEPT而不是 aLEFT JOIN和检查的一般信息感兴趣IS NULL。

我还注意到，如果我尝试使用 运行第一个查询INTERCEPT，则第二个查询中的等效项将是使用标准JOINand SELECT DISTINCT DimEmployee.EmployeeKey（并且根本没有WHERE子句）。然而，在这种情况下，两种情况下的执行计划完全相同。

更新
对第二个查询的次要更新（请参阅修订历史），这导致该查询计划更加复杂。我猜想一个更大的查询计划表明一个不太理想的查询，但我仍然希望这个问题得到回答。

4

1 回答 1

4

在 LEFT JOIN 提供多行的情况下，这 2 个查询将有所不同。也就是说，FactResellerSales 是 DimEmployee 的子代，在 DimEmployee 中每行有很多行。因此，您需要 DISTINCT 正如您为 JOIN 示例所指出的那样。

如果您将查询更改为使用 NOT EXISTS，您将获得相同的计划（左反半联接是 NOT EXISTS 的典型代表）

SELECT EmployeeKey
FROM DimEmployee DE 
WHERE
NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM 
        FactResellerSales FRS
    WHERE FRS.EmployeeKey = DE.EmployeeKey)

此外，出于同样的原因，INTERSECT/EXISTS 很可能会给出相同的计划。

JOIN/EXISTS/IN这是或OUTER JOIN/NOT EXISTS/NOT IN辩论的另一个方面。INTERSECT/EXCEPT 是你喜欢的 (NOT) EXISTS 的更优雅的构造

编辑：

没有明显的问题...

就个人而言，我不使用 OUTER JOIN 进行“存在”检查：我使用 EXISTS 或 NOT EXISTS（或 INTERSECT/EXCEPT，如果我记得的话），因为你想要做什么更明显。AKA，如果我不需要“外部”表中的行，我不会使用它来避免 DISTINCT。

如果在这种情况下，没有使用 OUTER JOIN/IS NULL 恕我直言的情况。当然，我在需要时使用 OUTER JOIN：此答案仅适用于一种特定情况。

于 2010-11-22T20:31:28.737 回答