这是我在执行时收到的错误消息import theano：
ImportError：动态模块未定义模块导出功能（PyInit_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde）
我在 Windows 10 上使用 Python 3.5.2。
我也在 GitHub 上向 Theano 的作者询问过这个问题。我在这里问希望有人能够帮助我，即使他/她不知道 Theano 的内部结构。我怀疑这与 Python 2 和 3 有更多关系。
这是完整的错误：
ERROR (theano.gpuarray): Could not initialize pygpu, support disabled
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gpuarray\__init__.py", line 164, in <module>
use(config.device)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gpuarray\__init__.py", line 151, in use
init_dev(device)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gpuarray\__init__.py", line 66, in init_dev
avail = dnn.dnn_available(name)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gpuarray\dnn.py", line 174, in dnn_available
if not dnn_present():
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gpuarray\dnn.py", line 157, in dnn_present
dnn_present.avail, dnn_present.msg = _dnn_check_version()
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gpuarray\dnn.py", line 130, in _dnn_check_version
v = version()
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gpuarray\dnn.py", line 316, in version
profile=False)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\compile\function.py", line 326, in function
output_keys=output_keys)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\compile\pfunc.py", line 486, in pfunc
output_keys=output_keys)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\compile\function_module.py", line 1795, in orig_function
defaults)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\compile\function_module.py", line 1661, in create
input_storage=input_storage_lists, storage_map=storage_map)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\link.py", line 699, in make_thunk
storage_map=storage_map)[:3]
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\vm.py", line 1063, in make_all
impl=impl))
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\op.py", line 924, in make_thunk
no_recycling)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\op.py", line 828, in make_c_thunk
output_storage=node_output_storage)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\cc.py", line 1190, in make_thunk
keep_lock=keep_lock)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\cc.py", line 1131, in __compile__
keep_lock=keep_lock)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\cc.py", line 1589, in cthunk_factory
key=key, lnk=self, keep_lock=keep_lock)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\cmodule.py", line 1155, in module_from_key
module = lnk.compile_cmodule(location)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\cc.py", line 1492, in compile_cmodule
preargs=preargs)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\cmodule.py", line 2318, in compile_str
return dlimport(lib_filename)
File "C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof\cmodule.py", line 302, in dlimport
rval = __import__(module_name, {}, {}, [module_name])
ImportError: dynamic module does not define module export function (PyInit_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde)
据我所知，Theano 编译了一个 cpp 文件。以下是编译后的文件：
Directory of [..]\tmp04_uyjkc
04/02/2017 16:41 <DIR> .
04/02/2017 16:41 <DIR> ..
04/02/2017 16:08 0 delete.me
04/02/2017 16:08 108.834 m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde.pyd
04/02/2017 16:08 5.502 mod.cpp
04/02/2017 16:41 0 ok.txt
04/02/2017 16:08 0 __init__.py
04/02/2017 16:08 <DIR> __pycache__
5 File(s) 114.336 bytes
Directory of [..]\tmp04_uyjkc\__pycache__
04/02/2017 16:08 <DIR> .
04/02/2017 16:08 <DIR> ..
04/02/2017 16:08 239 __init__.cpython-35.pyc
1 File(s) 239 bytes
这是 mod.cpp 的内容：
#include <Python.h>
#include <iostream>
#include "theano_mod_helper.h"
#include "cudnn.h"
//////////////////////
//// Support Code
//////////////////////
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
#define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
#endif
namespace {
struct __struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde {
PyObject* __ERROR;
PyObject* storage_V1;
__struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde() {
// This is only somewhat safe because we:
// 1) Are not a virtual class
// 2) Do not use any virtual classes in the members
// 3) Deal with mostly POD and pointers
// If this changes, we would have to revise this, but for
// now I am tired of chasing segfaults because
// initialization code had an error and some pointer has
// a junk value.
memset(this, 0, sizeof(*this));
}
~__struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde(void) {
cleanup();
}
int init(PyObject* __ERROR, PyObject* storage_V1) {
Py_XINCREF(storage_V1);
this->storage_V1 = storage_V1;
this->__ERROR = __ERROR;
return 0;
}
void cleanup(void) {
__label_1:
double __DUMMY_1;
__label_4:
double __DUMMY_4;
Py_XDECREF(this->storage_V1);
}
int run(void) {
int __failure = 0;
PyObject* py_V1;
PyObject* V1;
{
py_V1 = Py_None;
{Py_XINCREF(py_V1);}
V1 = NULL;
{
// Op class DnnVersion
V1 = PyTuple_Pack(2, PyInt_FromLong(CUDNN_VERSION), PyInt_FromLong(cudnnGetVersion()));
__label_3:
double __DUMMY_3;
}
__label_2:
if (!__failure) {
assert(py_V1->ob_refcnt > 1);
Py_DECREF(py_V1);
py_V1 = V1 ? V1 : Py_None;
Py_INCREF(py_V1);
PyObject* old = PyList_GET_ITEM(storage_V1, 0);
{Py_XINCREF(py_V1);}
PyList_SET_ITEM(storage_V1, 0, py_V1);
{Py_XDECREF(old);}
}
Py_XDECREF(V1);
{Py_XDECREF(py_V1);}
double __DUMMY_2;
}
if (__failure) {
// When there is a failure, this code puts the exception
// in __ERROR.
PyObject* err_type = NULL;
PyObject* err_msg = NULL;
PyObject* err_traceback = NULL;
PyErr_Fetch(&err_type, &err_msg, &err_traceback);
if (!err_type) {err_type = Py_None;Py_INCREF(Py_None);}
if (!err_msg) {err_msg = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);}
if (!err_traceback) {err_traceback = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);}
PyObject* old_err_type = PyList_GET_ITEM(__ERROR, 0);
PyObject* old_err_msg = PyList_GET_ITEM(__ERROR, 1);
PyObject* old_err_traceback = PyList_GET_ITEM(__ERROR, 2);
PyList_SET_ITEM(__ERROR, 0, err_type);
PyList_SET_ITEM(__ERROR, 1, err_msg);
PyList_SET_ITEM(__ERROR, 2, err_traceback);
{Py_XDECREF(old_err_type);}
{Py_XDECREF(old_err_msg);}
{Py_XDECREF(old_err_traceback);}
}
// The failure code is returned to index what code block failed.
return __failure;
}
};
}
static int __struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde_executor(__struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde *self) {
return self->run();
}
static void __struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde_destructor(PyObject *capsule) {
__struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde *self = (__struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde *)PyCapsule_GetContext(capsule);
delete self;
}
//////////////////////
//// Functions
//////////////////////
static PyObject * instantiate(PyObject * self, PyObject *argtuple) {
assert(PyTuple_Check(argtuple));
if (2 != PyTuple_Size(argtuple)){
PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "Wrong number of arguments, expected 2, got %i", (int)PyTuple_Size(argtuple));
return NULL;
}
__struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde* struct_ptr = new __struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde();
if (struct_ptr->init( PyTuple_GET_ITEM(argtuple, 0),PyTuple_GET_ITEM(argtuple, 1) ) != 0) {
delete struct_ptr;
return NULL;
}
PyObject* thunk = PyCapsule_New((void*)(&__struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde_executor), NULL, __struct_compiled_op_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde_destructor);
if (thunk != NULL && PyCapsule_SetContext(thunk, struct_ptr) != 0) {
PyErr_Clear();
Py_DECREF(thunk);
thunk = NULL;
}
return thunk; }
//////////////////////
//// Module init
//////////////////////
static PyMethodDef MyMethods[] = {
{"instantiate", instantiate, METH_VARARGS, "undocumented"} ,
{NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
};
static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
"m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde",
NULL,
-1,
MyMethods,
};
PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde(void) {
PyObject *m = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
return m;
}
功能PyInit_m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde似乎存在，那么问题出在哪里？
编辑 1
我将文件复制到 d:\test 并设法使用 Theano 使用的相同命令重新编译 .pyd 文件（感谢 procmon）：
import os
add_dir = r'C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\Library\mingw-w64\bin'
os.environ['PATH'] += os.pathsep + add_dir
cmd = r'""C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\Library\mingw-w64\bin\g++.exe" -shared -g -O3 -fno-math-errno -Wno-unused-label -Wno-unused-variable -Wno-write-strings -Wl,-rpath, -march=haswell -mmmx -mno-3dnow -msse -msse2 -msse3 -mssse3 -mno-sse4a -mcx16 -msahf -mmovbe -maes -mno-sha -mpclmul -mpopcnt -mabm -mno-lwp -mfma -mno-fma4 -mno-xop -mbmi -mbmi2 -mno-tbm -mavx -mavx2 -msse4.2 -msse4.1 -mlzcnt -mno-rtm -mno-hle -mrdrnd -mf16c -mfsgsbase -mno-rdseed -mno-prfchw -mno-adx -mfxsr -mxsave -mxsaveopt -mno-avx512f -mno-avx512er -mno-avx512cd -mno-avx512pf -mno-prefetchwt1 -mno-clflushopt -mno-xsavec -mno-xsaves -mno-avx512dq -mno-avx512bw -mno-avx512vl -mno-avx512ifma -mno-avx512vbmi -mno-clwb -mno-pcommit -mno-mwaitx --param l1-cache-size=32 --param l1-cache-line-size=64 --param l2-cache-size=8192 -mtune=haswell -DNPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API=NPY_1_7_API_VERSION -m64 -DMS_WIN64 -I"C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\include" -I"C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\include" -I"C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\theano\theano\gof" -L"C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3\libs" -L"C:\Users\Kiuhnm\Anaconda3" -o d:\test\m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde.pyd d:\test\mod.cpp -lcudnn -lpython35"'
os.system(cmd)
我读到 pyd 文件只是 DLL（至少在 Windows 上）。奇怪的是，编译后的 pyd 文件似乎没有导出任何函数。也许我不明白 Python 如何找到导出的函数：
D:\test>dumpbin /EXPORTS m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde.pyd
Microsoft (R) COFF/PE Dumper Version 12.00.40629.0
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Dump of file m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde.pyd
File Type: DLL
Section contains the following exports for m3d1cf20adb1014f04986e6a344a55bde.pyd
00000000 characteristics
5896198F time date stamp Sat Feb 04 19:12:31 2017
0.00 version
1 ordinal base
0 number of functions
0 number of names
ordinal hint RVA name
Summary
1000 .CRT
1000 .bss
1000 .data
2000 .debug_abbrev
1000 .debug_aranges
1000 .debug_frame
9000 .debug_info
2000 .debug_line
3000 .debug_loc
1000 .debug_ranges
1000 .debug_str
1000 .edata
1000 .idata
1000 .pdata
1000 .rdata
1000 .reloc
2000 .text
1000 .tls
1000 .xdata