假设我试图用一个操作实现一种非常简单的领域特定语言:
printLine(line)
然后我想写一个程序,它以一个整数n
作为输入,打印一些如果n
可以被 10k 整除的东西,然后用 , 调用自身n + 1
,直到n
达到某个最大值N
。
省略所有由 for-comprehensions 引起的句法噪音,我想要的是:
@annotation.tailrec def p(n: Int): Unit = {
if (n % 10000 == 0) printLine("line")
if (n > N) () else p(n + 1)
}
从本质上讲,这将是一种“嘶嘶声”。
以下是使用 Scalaz 7.3.0-M7 中的 Free monad 来实现此功能的一些尝试:
import scalaz._
object Demo1 {
// define operations of a little domain specific language
sealed trait Lang[X]
case class PrintLine(line: String) extends Lang[Unit]
// define the domain specific language as the free monad of operations
type Prog[X] = Free[Lang, X]
import Free.{liftF, pure}
// lift operations into the free monad
def printLine(l: String): Prog[Unit] = liftF(PrintLine(l))
def ret: Prog[Unit] = Free.pure(())
// write a program that is just a loop that prints current index
// after every few iteration steps
val mod = 100000
val N = 1000000
// straightforward syntax: deadly slow, exits with OutOfMemoryError
def p0(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = for {
_ <- (if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret)
_ <- (if (i > N) ret else p0(i + 1))
} yield ()
// Same as above, but written out without `for`
def p1(i: Int): Prog[Unit] =
(if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret).flatMap{
ignore1 =>
(if (i > N) ret else p1(i + 1)).map{ ignore2 => () }
}
// Same as above, with `map` attached to recursive call
def p2(i: Int): Prog[Unit] =
(if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret).flatMap{
ignore1 =>
(if (i > N) ret else p2(i + 1).map{ ignore2 => () })
}
// Same as above, but without the `map`; performs ok.
def p3(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = {
(if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret).flatMap{
ignore1 =>
if (i > N) ret else p3(i + 1)
}
}
// Variation of the above; Ok.
def p4(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = (for {
_ <- (if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret)
} yield ()).flatMap{ ignored2 =>
if (i > N) ret else p4(i + 1)
}
// try to use the variable returned by the last generator after yield,
// hope that the final `map` is optimized away (it's not optimized away...)
def p5(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = for {
_ <- (if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret)
stopHere <- (if (i > N) ret else p5(i + 1))
} yield stopHere
// define an interpreter that translates the programs into Trampoline
import scalaz.Trampoline
type Exec[X] = Free.Trampoline[X]
val interpreter = new (Lang ~> Exec) {
def apply[A](cmd: Lang[A]): Exec[A] = cmd match {
case PrintLine(l) => Trampoline.delay(println(l))
}
}
// try it out
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
println("\n p0")
p0(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // extremely slow; OutOfMemoryError
println("\n p1")
p1(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // extremely slow; OutOfMemoryError
println("\n p2")
p2(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // extremely slow; OutOfMemoryError
println("\n p3")
p3(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // ok
println("\n p4")
p4(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // ok
println("\n p5")
p5(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // OutOfMemory
}
}
不幸的是,直接翻译 ( p0
) 似乎以某种 O(N^2) 开销运行,并因 OutOfMemoryError 而崩溃。问题似乎是for
-comprehensionmap{x => ()}
在递归调用之后附加了 a p0
,这迫使Free
monad 用“完成'p0'然后什么都不做”的提醒来填充整个内存。如果我手动“展开”for
理解,并明确写出最后一个flatMap
(如p3
and p4
),那么问题就会消失,一切都会顺利进行。然而,这是一个非常脆弱的解决方法:如果我们简单地附加 a map(id)
,程序的行为会发生巨大变化,而这map(id)
在代码中甚至是不可见的,for
-理解。
在此较早的帖子中:https ://apocalisp.wordpress.com/2011/10/26/tail-call-elimination-in-scala-monads/
反复建议将递归调用包装到suspend
. 这是Applicative
实例和的尝试suspend
:
import scalaz._
// Essentially same as in `Demo1`, but this time with
// an `Applicative` and an explicit `Suspend` in the
// `for`-comprehension
object Demo2 {
sealed trait Lang[H]
case class Const[H](h: H) extends Lang[H]
case class PrintLine[H](line: String) extends Lang[H]
implicit object Lang extends Applicative[Lang] {
def point[A](a: => A): Lang[A] = Const(a)
def ap[A, B](a: => Lang[A])(f: => Lang[A => B]): Lang[B] = a match {
case Const(x) => {
f match {
case Const(ab) => Const(ab(x))
case _ => throw new Error
}
}
case PrintLine(l) => PrintLine(l)
}
}
type Prog[X] = Free[Lang, X]
import Free.{liftF, pure}
def printLine(l: String): Prog[Unit] = liftF(PrintLine(l))
def ret: Prog[Unit] = Free.pure(())
val mod = 100000
val N = 2000000
// try to suspend the entire second generator
def p7(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = for {
_ <- (if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret)
_ <- Free.suspend(if (i > N) ret else p7(i + 1))
} yield ()
// try to suspend the recursive call
def p8(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = for {
_ <- (if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret)
_ <- if (i > N) ret else Free.suspend(p8(i + 1))
} yield ()
import scalaz.Trampoline
type Exec[X] = Free.Trampoline[X]
val interpreter = new (Lang ~> Exec) {
def apply[A](cmd: Lang[A]): Exec[A] = cmd match {
case Const(x) => Trampoline.done(x)
case PrintLine(l) =>
(Trampoline.delay(println(l))).asInstanceOf[Exec[A]]
}
}
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
p7(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // extremely slow; OutOfMemoryError
p8(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // same...
}
}
插入suspend
并没有真正帮助:它仍然很慢,并且与OutOfMemoryError
s.
我应该suspend
以不同的方式使用吗?
也许有一些纯粹的句法补救措施可以在不生成map
最终的情况下使用 for-comprehensions?
如果有人能指出我在这里做错了什么以及如何修复它,我将非常感激。