我想遍历文本文件的内容并在某些行上进行搜索和替换,然后将结果写回文件。我可以先将整个文件加载到内存中,然后再将其写回,但这可能不是最好的方法。
在以下代码中,最好的方法是什么?
f = open(file)
for line in f:
if line.contains('foo'):
newline = line.replace('foo', 'bar')
# how to write this newline back to the file
最短的方法可能是使用fileinput 模块。例如,以下将行号添加到文件中,就地:
import fileinput
for line in fileinput.input("test.txt", inplace=True):
print('{} {}'.format(fileinput.filelineno(), line), end='') # for Python 3
# print "%d: %s" % (fileinput.filelineno(), line), # for Python 2
这里发生的是:
print
语句都写回原始文件fileinput
有更多的花里胡哨。例如,它可用于自动操作 中的所有文件sys.args[1:]
,而无需显式地迭代它们。从 Python 3.2 开始,它还提供了一个方便的上下文管理器以在with
语句中使用。
虽然fileinput
非常适合一次性脚本,但我会谨慎地在实际代码中使用它,因为不可否认它不是很易读或不熟悉。在实际(生产)代码中,值得多花几行代码来使过程明确,从而使代码可读。
有两种选择:
我想这样的事情应该这样做。它基本上将内容写入新文件并用新文件替换旧文件:
from tempfile import mkstemp
from shutil import move, copymode
from os import fdopen, remove
def replace(file_path, pattern, subst):
#Create temp file
fh, abs_path = mkstemp()
with fdopen(fh,'w') as new_file:
with open(file_path) as old_file:
for line in old_file:
new_file.write(line.replace(pattern, subst))
#Copy the file permissions from the old file to the new file
copymode(file_path, abs_path)
#Remove original file
remove(file_path)
#Move new file
move(abs_path, file_path)
这是另一个经过测试的示例,将匹配搜索和替换模式:
import fileinput
import sys
def replaceAll(file,searchExp,replaceExp):
for line in fileinput.input(file, inplace=1):
if searchExp in line:
line = line.replace(searchExp,replaceExp)
sys.stdout.write(line)
示例使用:
replaceAll("/fooBar.txt","Hello\sWorld!$","Goodbye\sWorld.")
这应该有效:(就地编辑)
import fileinput
# Does a list of files, and
# redirects STDOUT to the file in question
for line in fileinput.input(files, inplace = 1):
print line.replace("foo", "bar"),
根据 Thomas Watnedal 的回答。但是,这并不能准确回答原始问题的逐行部分。该功能仍然可以逐行替换
此实现在不使用临时文件的情况下替换文件内容,因此文件权限保持不变。
也 re.sub 而不是替换,只允许正则表达式替换而不是纯文本替换。
将文件作为单个字符串而不是逐行读取允许多行匹配和替换。
import re
def replace(file, pattern, subst):
# Read contents from file as a single string
file_handle = open(file, 'r')
file_string = file_handle.read()
file_handle.close()
# Use RE package to allow for replacement (also allowing for (multiline) REGEX)
file_string = (re.sub(pattern, subst, file_string))
# Write contents to file.
# Using mode 'w' truncates the file.
file_handle = open(file, 'w')
file_handle.write(file_string)
file_handle.close()
正如 lassevk 建议的那样,随时写出新文件,这是一些示例代码:
fin = open("a.txt")
fout = open("b.txt", "wt")
for line in fin:
fout.write( line.replace('foo', 'bar') )
fin.close()
fout.close()
一种更 Pythonic 的方式是使用上下文管理器,如下面的代码:
from tempfile import mkstemp
from shutil import move
from os import remove
def replace(source_file_path, pattern, substring):
fh, target_file_path = mkstemp()
with open(target_file_path, 'w') as target_file:
with open(source_file_path, 'r') as source_file:
for line in source_file:
target_file.write(line.replace(pattern, substring))
remove(source_file_path)
move(target_file_path, source_file_path)
你可以在这里找到完整的片段。
如果您想要一个用其他文本替换任何文本的通用函数,这可能是最好的方法,特别是如果您是正则表达式的粉丝:
import re
def replace( filePath, text, subs, flags=0 ):
with open( filePath, "r+" ) as file:
fileContents = file.read()
textPattern = re.compile( re.escape( text ), flags )
fileContents = textPattern.sub( subs, fileContents )
file.seek( 0 )
file.truncate()
file.write( fileContents )
fileinput
正如之前的答案所述,非常简单:
import fileinput
def replace_in_file(file_path, search_text, new_text):
with fileinput.input(file_path, inplace=True) as file:
for line in file:
new_line = line.replace(search_text, new_text)
print(new_line, end='')
解释:
fileinput
可以接受多个文件,但我更喜欢在处理每个文件后立即关闭它。所以file_path
在with
声明中单独放置。print
时语句不打印任何内容inplace=True
,因为STDOUT
正在转发到原始文件。end=''
inprint
语句是消除中间空白新行。您可以按如下方式使用它:
file_path = '/path/to/my/file'
replace_in_file(file_path, 'old-text', 'new-text')
创建一个新文件,将行从旧文件复制到新文件,并在将行写入新文件之前进行替换。
扩展@Kiran的答案,我同意它更简洁和Pythonic,这添加了编解码器以支持UTF-8的读写:
import codecs
from tempfile import mkstemp
from shutil import move
from os import remove
def replace(source_file_path, pattern, substring):
fh, target_file_path = mkstemp()
with codecs.open(target_file_path, 'w', 'utf-8') as target_file:
with codecs.open(source_file_path, 'r', 'utf-8') as source_file:
for line in source_file:
target_file.write(line.replace(pattern, substring))
remove(source_file_path)
move(target_file_path, source_file_path)
使用 hamishmcn 的答案作为模板,我能够在文件中搜索与我的正则表达式匹配的行并将其替换为空字符串。
import re
fin = open("in.txt", 'r') # in file
fout = open("out.txt", 'w') # out file
for line in fin:
p = re.compile('[-][0-9]*[.][0-9]*[,]|[-][0-9]*[,]') # pattern
newline = p.sub('',line) # replace matching strings with empty string
print newline
fout.write(newline)
fin.close()
fout.close()
如果您在下面删除缩进,它将在多行中搜索和替换。例如,请参见下文。
def replace(file, pattern, subst):
#Create temp file
fh, abs_path = mkstemp()
print fh, abs_path
new_file = open(abs_path,'w')
old_file = open(file)
for line in old_file:
new_file.write(line.replace(pattern, subst))
#close temp file
new_file.close()
close(fh)
old_file.close()
#Remove original file
remove(file)
#Move new file
move(abs_path, file)