8

我希望这段代码“正常工作”:

def main():
    c = Castable()
    print c/3
    print 2-c
    print c%7
    print c**2
    print "%s" % c
    print "%i" % c
    print "%f" % c

当然,简单的方法是编写int(c)/3,但我想为配置迷你语言启用更简单的 perl-ish 语法。

值得注意的是,如果我使用“旧式”类(不从对象继承),我可以通过定义一个__coerce__方法非常简单地做到这一点,但是旧式类已被弃用,并将在 python3 中删除。

当我对新式类做同样的事情时,我得到这个错误:

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'Castable' and 'int'

我相信这是设计使然,但是我怎样才能__coerce__用新样式的类来模拟旧样式的行为呢?您可以在下面找到我当前的解决方案,但它非常丑陋且冗长。

这是相关文件:(我认为)

奖励积分:

    print pow(c, 2, 100)
4

5 回答 5

8

您需要定义__div__是否要c/3工作。Python 不会先为您将您的对象转换为数字。

于 2010-08-11T23:14:26.623 回答
5

这很有效,并且在经过几次改进(@jchl 的道具)之后就不那么严重了,但似乎仍然是不必要的,特别是考虑到您可以通过“旧式”课程免费获得它。

我仍在寻找更好的答案。如果没有更好的方法,在我看来这就像 Python 语言的回归。

def ops_list():
    "calculate the list of overloadable operators"
    #<type 'object'> has functions but no operations
    not_ops = dir(object)

    #calculate the list of operation names
    ops = set()
    for mytype in (int, float, str):
        for op in dir(mytype):
            if op.endswith("__") and op not in not_ops:
                ops.add(op)
    return sorted(ops)

class MetaCastable(type):
    __ops = ops_list()

    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dict):
        #pass any undefined ops to self.__op__
        def add_op(op):
            if op in dict:
                return
            fn = lambda self, *args: self.__op__(op, args)
            fn.__name__ = op
            dict[op] = fn

        for op in mcs.__ops:
            add_op( op )
        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dict)


class Castable(object):
    __metaclass__ = MetaCastable
    def __str__(self):
        print "str!"
        return "<Castable>"
    def __int__(self):
        print "int!"
        return 42
    def __float__(self):
        print "float!"
        return 2.718281828459045

    def __op__(self, op, args):
        try:
            other = args[0]
        except IndexError:
            other = None
        print "%s %s %s" % (self, op, other)
        self, other = coerce(self, other)
        return getattr(self, op)(*args)

    def __coerce__(self, other):
        print "coercing like %r!" % other
        if other is None: other = 0.0
        return (type(other)(self), other)
于 2010-08-12T02:50:34.980 回答
3
class MetaCastable(type):
    __binary_ops = ( 
            'add', 'sub', 'mul', 'floordiv', 'mod', 'divmod', 'pow', 'lshift', 
            'rshift', 'and', 'xor', 'or', 'div', 'truediv',
    )

    __unary_ops = ( 'neg', 'pos', 'abs', 'invert', )

    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dict):
        def make_binary_op(op):
            fn = lambda self, other: self.__op__(op, other)
            fn.__name__ = op
            return fn

        for opname in mcs.__binary_ops:
            for op in ( '__%s__', '__r%s__' ):
                op %= opname
                if op in dict:
                    continue
                dict[op] = make_binary_op(op)

        def make_unary_op(op):
            fn = lambda self: self.__op__(op, None)
            fn.__name__ = op
            return fn

        for opname in mcs.__unary_ops:
            op = '__%s__' % opname
            if op in dict:
                continue
            dict[op] = make_unary_op(op)

        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dict)

class Castable(object):
    __metaclass__ = MetaCastable
    def __str__(self):
        print "str!"
        return "<Castable>"
    def __int__(self):
        print "int!"
        return 42
    def __float__(self):
        print "float!"
        return 2.718281828459045

    def __op__(self, op, other):
        if other is None:
            print "%s(%s)" % (op, self)
            self, other = coerce(self, 0.0)
            return getattr(self, op)()
        else:
            print "%s %s %s" % (self, op, other)
            self, other = coerce(self, other)
            return getattr(self, op)(other)

    def __coerce__(self, other):
        print "coercing like %r!" % other
        return (type(other)(self), other)
于 2010-08-20T08:24:43.513 回答
0
class Castable(object):
    def __div__(self, other):
        return 42 / other
于 2010-08-11T23:18:00.577 回答
0

新样式类比旧样式类运行得更快、更精确。因此,没有更昂贵__getattr__的 , __getattribute__,__coerce__要求任何便宜的理由和有问题的顺序。

旧样式__coerce__也有问题,即使您已经为某些特殊目的重载了运算符方法,它也会被调用。它要求强制转换为相同的常见类型,并且仅限于某些二进制操作。想想 int / float / string 的所有其他方法和属性 - 以及 pow()。由于coercePY3 中缺少所有这些限制。问题示例针对相当广泛的虚拟化。

对于新样式类,它只是一个循环,以提供许多“类似”的方法,只需很少的代码,或者将这些调用路由到虚拟处理程序,然后以正确和细粒度的方式快速、精确地定义和子类化。那不是“Python 语言的回归”。

但是,我不会只为这样的循环或提供简单的基类行为而使用其他答案中所示的元类。那将是用大锤敲碎坚果。


这里是“变体”虚拟化的示例助手:

def Virtual(*methods):
    """Build a (new style) base or mixin class, which routes method or
    operator calls to one __virtualmeth__ and attribute lookups to
    __virtualget__ and __virtualset__ optionally.

    *methods (strings, classes): Providing method names to be routed
    """
    class VirtualBase(object):  
        def __virtualmeth__(self, methname, *args, **kw):
            raise NotImplementedError
    def _mkmeth(methname, thing):
        if not callable(thing):
            prop = property(lambda self:self.__virtualget__(methname),
                            lambda self, v:self.__virtualset__(methname, v))
            return prop
        def _meth(self, *args, **kw):
            return self.__virtualmeth__(methname, *args, **kw)
        _meth.__name__ = methname
        return _meth
    for m in methods:
        for name, thing in (isinstance(m, str) and
                            {m:lambda:None} or m.__dict__).items():
            if name not in ('__new__', '__init__', '__setattr__', ##'__cmp__',
                            '__getattribute__', '__doc__', ):   ##'__getattr__', 
                setattr(VirtualBase, name, _mkmeth(name, thing))
    return VirtualBase

这里有一个示例用例:一个照应!(PY2 和 PY3):

import operator
class Anaphor(Virtual(int, float, str)):   
    """remember a sub-expression comfortably:

    A = Anaphor()      # at least per thread / TLS
    if re.search(...) >> A:
        print(A.groups(), +A)
    if A(x % 7) != 0:
        print(A, 1 + A, A < 3.0, A.real, '%.2f' % A, +A)
    """
    value = 0
    def __virtualmeth__(self, methname, *args, **kw):
        try: r = getattr(self.value, methname)(*args, **kw)
        except AttributeError:
            return getattr(operator, methname)(self.value, *args, **kw)
        if r is NotImplemented: # simple type -> coerce
            try: tcommon = type(self.value + args[0])    # PY2 coerce
            except: return NotImplemented
            return getattr(tcommon(self.value), methname)(*args, **kw)
        return r
    def __call__(self, value):   
        self.value = value
        return value
    __lshift__ = __rrshift__ = __call__     # A << x;  x >> A
    def __pos__(self):                      # real = +A
        return self.value
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return getattr(self.value, name)
    def __repr__(self):
        return '<Anaphor:%r>' % self.value

它还无缝处理 3-arg 运算符pow():-):

>>> A = Anaphor()
>>> x = 1
>>> if x + 11 >> A:
...     print repr(A), A, +A, 'y' * A, 3.0 < A, pow(A, 2, 100)
...     
<Anaphor:12> 12 12 yyyyyyyyyyyy True 44
于 2017-05-03T22:48:43.120 回答