针对以下情况，我一直在研究 AMPL 中的护士调度问题：
总数 护士=20
总数 of shits = 3 #morning,day,night
规划地平线 7 天：比方说 MTWRF 萨苏
除了以下限制：
成本情景：
Morning shift: $12
Day shift: $13
Night shift : $15
目标功能是根据护士的喜好最小化操作成本。
谁能给我一个关于如何制定这个问题的想法？
set nurse; #no. of full time employees working in the facility
set days; #planning horizon
set shift; #no. of shift in a day
set S; #shift correseponding to the outsourced nurses
set D;#day corresponding to the outsourced nurses
set N;#
# ith nurse working on day j
# j starts from Monday (j=1), Tuesday( j=2), Wednesday (j=3), Thursday(j=4), Friday(j=5), Saturday(j=6), Sunday(j=7)
#s be the shift as morning, day and night
param availability{i in nurse, j in days};
param costpershift{i in nurse, j in days, s in shift};
param outcost{n in N, l in D, m in S};
var nurseavailability{i in nurse,j in days,s in shift} binary; # = 1 if nurse i is available on jth day working on sth shift, 0 otherwise
var outsourced{n in N, l in D, m in S} integer;
#Objective function
minimize Cost: sum{i in nurse, j in days, s in shift} costpershift[i,j,s]*nurseavailability[i,j,s]+ sum{ n in N, l in D, m in S}outcost[n,l,m]*outsourced[n,l,m];
#constraints
#maximum no. of shifts per day
subject to maximum_shifts_perday {i in nurse,j in days}:
sum{s in shift} nurseavailability[i,j,s]*availability[i,j] <= 1;
#maximum no. of working says a week
subject to maximum_days_of_work {i in nurse}:
sum{j in days,s in shift} availability[i,j]*nurseavailability[i,j,s]<=5; #maximum working days irrespective of shifts
# rest days after night shifts
subject to rest_days_after_night_shift{i in nurse}:
sum{j in days} availability[i,j]*nurseavailability[i,j,3]<=4;
#demand per shift
subject to supply{j in days, s in shift, l in D, m in S}:
sum{i in nurse} availability[i,j]*nurseavailability[i,j,s] + sum{n in N} outsourced[n,l,m]=7;
#outsourcing only works well when there is more variability in supply.
#increasing the staff no. would be effective for reducing the cost variability in demand.
#considering a budget of $16,000 per week
#outsourcing constraints: a maximum of 20 nurses can be outsourced per shift
# no. of fulltime employees=30
#demand is 7 nurses per shift
#the average variability
#all nurses are paid equally @ $12 per hour.
#cost of an outsourced shift is $144.
#cost of morning shift is $96.
#cost of day shift is $104.
#cost of night shift is $120.
data;
#set nurse ordered:= nurse1 nurse2 nurse3 nurse4 nurse5 nurse6 nurse7 nurse8
#nurse9 nurse10 nurse11 nurse12 nurse13 nurse14 nurse15 nurse16 nurse17
#nurse18 nurse19 nurse20;
set nurse:= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30;
#set days ordered:= Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday;
set days:= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7;
#set shift ordered:= Morning Day Night;
set shift:= 1 2 3;
set D:= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; #outsourced days
set S:=1 2 3; #outshit
set N := 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20;
param outcost
[*,*,1]:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7:=
1 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
2 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
3 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
4 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
5 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
6 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
7 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
8 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
9 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
10 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
11 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
12 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
13 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
14 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
15 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
16 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
17 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
18 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
19 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
20 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
[*,*,2]:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7:=
1 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
2 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
3 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
4 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
5 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
6 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
7 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
8 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
9 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
10 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
11 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
12 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
13 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
14 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
15 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
16 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
17 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
18 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
19 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
20 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
[*,*,3]:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7:=
1 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
2 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
3 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
4 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
5 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
6 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
7 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
8 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
9 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
10 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
11 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
12 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
13 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
14 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
15 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
16 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
17 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
18 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
19 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
20 144 144 144 144 144 144 144;
param availability:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 :=
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
17 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
23 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
24 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
28 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
29 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1;
param costpershift:=
[*,*,1]: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 :=
1 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
2 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
3 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
4 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
5 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
6 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
7 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
8 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
9 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
10 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
11 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
12 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
13 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
14 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
15 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
16 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
17 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
18 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
19 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
20 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
21 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
22 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
23 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
24 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
25 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
26 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
27 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
28 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
29 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
30 96 96 96 96 96 96 96
[*,*,2] : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 :=
1 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
2 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
3 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
4 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
5 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
6 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
7 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
8 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
9 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
10 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
11 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
12 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
13 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
14 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
15 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
16 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
17 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
18 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
19 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
20 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
21 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
22 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
23 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
24 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
25 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
26 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
27 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
28 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
29 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
30 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
[*,*,3] : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 :=
1 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
2 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
3 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
4 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
5 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
6 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
7 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
8 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
9 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
10 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
11 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
12 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
13 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
14 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
15 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
16 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
17 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
18 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
19 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
20 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
21 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
22 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
23 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
24 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
25 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
26 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
27 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
28 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
29 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
30 120 120 120 120 120 120 120;
因此，起初您的问题定义中有一些不寻常的事情：
我已经在 Mathprog 中构建了问题，但代码应该或多或少等于 AMPL。我从护士、日班和轮班的三组开始。
set shifts := {1,2,3};
set days := {1,2,3,4,5,6,7};
set nurses := {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20};
shedule 被定义为一组二进制变量：
var schedule{nurses, days, shifts}, binary;
简单目标包含本周所有护士/班次的总和以及相关价格：
minimize cost: sum{i in nurses, j in days}(schedule[i,j,1]*c_morning+schedule[i,j,2]*c_day+schedule[i,j,3]*c_night);
对于您的第一个约束，可以将每位护士的所有轮班总和限制为五个，因为每天只有一个轮班：
s.t. working_days{n in nurses}:
sum{i in days, j in shifts}(schedule[n,i,j]) <= 5;
休息日是问题中最难的部分。为简单起见，我创建了另一个仅包含天数的集合，其中一名护士可以连续完成四个夜班。您还可以使用原始天数来制定约束并排除前四天。
set nigth_days := {5,6,7};
s.t. rest{n in nurses,i in nigth_days}:
(schedule[n,i-4,3]+schedule[n,i-3,3]+schedule[n,i-2,3]+schedule[n,i-1,3]+sum{j in shifts}(schedule[n,i,j])) <= 4;
由于夜班后没有早班，我使用了与其他日子相同的尝试。第七天被排除在外，因为没有第八天我们可以找早班。
set yester_days := {1,2,3,4,5,6};
s.t. night_morning{i in yester_days, n in nurses}:
(schedule[n,i,3]+schedule[n,i+1,1]) <= 1;
应该满足每班四名护士的需求（我减少了人数，因为超过 4 名护士是不可行的，因为 5 班的限制）
s.t. demand_shift{i in days, j in shifts}:
sum{n in nurses}(schedule[n,i,j]) = 4;
第五个限制条件是将每天的班次限制为最多一班。
s.t. one_shift{n in nurses, i in days}:
sum{ j in shifts}(schedule[n,i,j]) <= 1;