该项目使用 jCaptcha 1.0，从 2.3.16 升级到 Struts 2.3.20 后，应用程序无法启动。我们的项目没有使用 jCaptcha struts 集成，因此我们没有 jCaptcha 配置 ins strust.xml 或 web.xml，例如我们在 struts.xml 中没有以下行
<plug-in className="com.octo.captcha.module.struts.CaptchaServicePlugin"/>
我认为某些插件管理机制已更改，因此 struts 2.3.20 尝试查找并启动此插件，而 2.3.16 则没有。
错误如下：
ERROR finder.ClassFinder Unable to read class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.image.RenderImageCaptchaAction]
Could not load org/apache/struts/action/Action.class - [unknown location]
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.readClassDef(ClassFinder.java:723)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.access$400(ClassFinder.java:71)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$InfoBuildingClassVisitor.extractSuperInterfaces(ClassFinder.java:770)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$InfoBuildingClassVisitor.visit(ClassFinder.java:757)
at org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.accept(Unknown Source)
at org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.accept(Unknown Source)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.readClassDef(ClassFinder.java:718)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.<init>(ClassFinder.java:113)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.findActions(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:390)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.buildActionConfigs(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:347)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.ClasspathPackageProvider.loadPackages(ClasspathPackageProvider.java:53)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.impl.DefaultConfiguration.reloadContainer(DefaultConfiguration.java:274)
ERROR finder.ClassFinder Unable to read class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.VerifyCaptchaChallengeAction]
Could not load org/apache/struts/action/Action.class - [unknown location]
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.readClassDef(ClassFinder.java:723)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.access$400(ClassFinder.java:71)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$InfoBuildingClassVisitor.extractSuperInterfaces(ClassFinder.java:770)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$InfoBuildingClassVisitor.visit(ClassFinder.java:757)
at org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.accept(Unknown Source)
at org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.accept(Unknown Source)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.readClassDef(ClassFinder.java:718)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.<init>(ClassFinder.java:113)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.findActions(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:390)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.buildActionConfigs(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:347)
ERROR finder.ClassFinder Error loading class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.CaptchaServicePlugin]
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/struts/action/PlugIn
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:791)
at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2957)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1210)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1690)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.loadClass(ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.java:34)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$ClassInfo.get(ClassFinder.java:563)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder$3.test(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:613)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder$3.test(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:600)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.findClasses(ClassFinder.java:343)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.findActions(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:393)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.buildActionConfigs(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:347)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.ClasspathPackageProvider.loadPackages(ClasspathPackageProvider.java:53)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.impl.DefaultConfiguration.reloadContainer(DefaultConfiguration.java:274)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.ConfigurationManager.getConfiguration(ConfigurationManager.java:67)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.getContainer(Dispatcher.java:967)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.init_PreloadConfiguration(Dispatcher.java:435)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.init(Dispatcher.java:479)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.InitOperations.initDispatcher(InitOperations.java:74)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.init(StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.java:57)
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.action.PlugIn
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1720)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571)
... 35 more
ERROR finder.ClassFinder Error loading class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.image.RenderImageCaptchaAction]
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/struts/action/Action
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:791)
at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2957)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1210)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1690)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.loadClass(ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.java:34)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$ClassInfo.get(ClassFinder.java:563)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.findClasses(ClassFinder.java:344)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.findActions(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:393)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.buildActionConfigs(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:347)
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.action.Action
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1720)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571)
... 33 more
ERROR finder.ClassFinder Error loading class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.VerifyCaptchaChallengeAction]
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/struts/action/Action
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:791)
at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2957)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1210)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1690)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.loadClass(ClassLoaderInterfaceDelegate.java:34)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder$ClassInfo.get(ClassFinder.java:563)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.finder.ClassFinder.findClasses(ClassFinder.java:344)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.findActions(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:393)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.buildActionConfigs(PackageBasedActionConfigBuilder.java:347)
at org.apache.struts2.convention.ClasspathPackageProvider.loadPackages(ClasspathPackageProvider.java:53)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.impl.DefaultConfiguration.reloadContainer(DefaultConfiguration.java:274)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.ConfigurationManager.getConfiguration(ConfigurationManager.java:67)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.getContainer(Dispatcher.java:967)
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.action.Action
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1720)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571)
... 33 more
ERROR finder.ClassFinder Error loading class [com.octo.captcha.module.struts.VerifyCaptchaChallengeMethodAction]
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/struts/action/Action
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:791)
at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2957)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1210)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1690)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:791)
at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2957)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1210)
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.action.Action
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1720)
at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1571)
... 40 more