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检查这个python代码：

 from functools import partial
 def summer(x, y):
      return x+y

 >>>partial(summer, 1, 2)
 <functools.partial object at 0x10e648628>

但是，当我通过部分时间 timeit 时：

  import timeit
  min(timeit.repeat(partial(summer, 1, 2)))

似乎用 x=1 和 y=2 来评估夏天。

我明白发生了什么吗？我使用 timeit 对吗？当我为每个参数传递值时，如何部分评估夏天？

编辑：为了清楚起见，我添加了以下评论作为这个问题的一部分。

我的问题是 partial(summer, 1, 2) 不评估夏天。那么为什么在 timeit.repeat 中调用它来评估夏天呢？

4

1 回答 1

2

In Python function objects are "first-class" objects. They can be passed as arguments to functions just like any other object. In this case, timeit.repeat is being passed the function object partial(summer, 1, 2) so that later, inside of repeat the function object can be called and timed.

partial(summer, 1, 2) itself is another example of passing a function (summer) as an argument to another function (partial). It makes sense that you'd want to pass the function object since you don't want to call summer yet. Instead you want the function object returned by partial to have access to summer so it can be called later when that function object is called.

partial(summer, 1, 2) returns a function object:

In [36]: partial(summer, 1, 2)
Out[36]: <functools.partial at 0x7ff31f0bd3c0>

As you know, to call the function, you need to place parentheses after the function:

In [37]: partial(summer, 1, 2)()
Out[37]: 3

Normally when I use timeit I pass a statement stmt and setup to the timeit function as strings:

In [41]: func = partial(summer, 1, 2)

In [42]: timeit.repeat('func()', 'from __main__ import func')
Out[42]: [0.11481308937072754, 0.10448503494262695, 0.1048579216003418]

However, you are correct that it is also possible to pass a callable (such as a function object) as the first argument:

timeit.repeat(func)

repeat will call func and time the result. You can see how repeat handles this case by stepping through the code using a debugger like pdb:

import pdb
pdb.set_trace()
timeit.repeat(func)

Inside the code for timeit.py around line 140 you'll see:

    elif callable(stmt):
        self.src = None
        if isinstance(setup, str):
            _setup = setup
            def setup():
                exec(_setup, global_ns, local_ns)

which checks if stmt, the first argument is callable. If it is, then it sets func to stmt, and later calls func (source code). 

def inner(_it, _timer, _func=func):
    setup()
    _t0 = _timer()
    for _i in _it:
        _func()       # <--- The function call happens here
    _t1 = _timer()
    return _t1 - _t0
return inner
于 2014-12-29T20:43:03.413 回答