我的电脑上有多个网络接口卡,每个都有自己的 IP 地址。
当我使用gethostbyname(gethostname())
Python 的(内置)socket
模块时,它只会返回其中一个。我如何获得其他人?
我的电脑上有多个网络接口卡,每个都有自己的 IP 地址。
当我使用gethostbyname(gethostname())
Python 的(内置)socket
模块时,它只会返回其中一个。我如何获得其他人?
使用netifaces
模块。因为网络很复杂,使用 netifaces 可能有点棘手,但这里是如何做你想做的事:
>>> import netifaces
>>> netifaces.interfaces()
['lo', 'eth0']
>>> netifaces.ifaddresses('eth0')
{17: [{'broadcast': 'ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', 'addr': '00:11:2f:32:63:45'}], 2: [{'broadcast': '10.0.0.255', 'netmask': '255.255.255.0', 'addr': '10.0.0.2'}], 10: [{'netmask': 'ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::', 'addr': 'fe80::211:2fff:fe32:6345%eth0'}]}
>>> for interface in netifaces.interfaces():
... print netifaces.ifaddresses(interface)[netifaces.AF_INET]
...
[{'peer': '127.0.0.1', 'netmask': '255.0.0.0', 'addr': '127.0.0.1'}]
[{'broadcast': '10.0.0.255', 'netmask': '255.255.255.0', 'addr': '10.0.0.2'}]
>>> for interface in netifaces.interfaces():
... for link in netifaces.ifaddresses(interface)[netifaces.AF_INET]:
... print link['addr']
...
127.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
这可以像这样变得更具可读性:
from netifaces import interfaces, ifaddresses, AF_INET
def ip4_addresses():
ip_list = []
for interface in interfaces():
for link in ifaddresses(interface)[AF_INET]:
ip_list.append(link['addr'])
return ip_list
如果您想要 IPv6 地址,请使用AF_INET6
而不是AF_INET
. 如果你想知道为什么netifaces
到处都使用列表和字典,那是因为一台计算机可以有多个 NIC,每个 NIC 可以有多个地址,每个地址都有自己的一组选项。
import socket
[i[4][0] for i in socket.getaddrinfo(socket.gethostname(), None)]
为了完整起见,另一种选择是使用psutil。
import socket
import psutil
def get_ip_addresses(family):
for interface, snics in psutil.net_if_addrs().items():
for snic in snics:
if snic.family == family:
yield (interface, snic.address)
ipv4s = list(get_ip_addresses(socket.AF_INET))
ipv6s = list(get_ip_addresses(socket.AF_INET6))
您需要的功能是net_if_addrs
. IE:
import psutil
psutil.net_if_addrs()
结果是这样的(Python 3):
{'br-ae4880aa80cf': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='172.18.0.1', netmask='255.255.0.0', broadcast='172.18.0.1', ptp=None),
snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_PACKET: 17>, address='02:42:e5:ae:39:94', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'docker0': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='172.17.0.1', netmask='255.255.0.0', broadcast='172.17.0.1', ptp=None),
snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_PACKET: 17>, address='02:42:38:d2:4d:77', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'eno1': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_PACKET: 17>, address='54:be:f7:0b:cf:a9', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'lo': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='127.0.0.1', netmask='255.0.0.0', broadcast=None, ptp=None),
snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_PACKET: 17>, address='00:00:00:00:00:00', netmask=None, broadcast=None, ptp=None)],
'wlp2s0': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='192.168.1.4', netmask='255.255.255.0', broadcast='192.168.1.255', ptp=None),
snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_PACKET: 17>, address='00:21:27:ee:d6:03', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)]}
(Python 2):
{'br-ae4880aa80cf': [snic(family=2, address='172.18.0.1', netmask='255.255.0.0', broadcast='172.18.0.1', ptp=None),
snic(family=17, address='02:42:e5:ae:39:94', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'docker0': [snic(family=2, address='172.17.0.1', netmask='255.255.0.0', broadcast='172.17.0.1', ptp=None),
snic(family=17, address='02:42:38:d2:4d:77', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'eno1': [snic(family=17, address='54:be:f7:0b:cf:a9', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)],
'lo': [snic(family=2, address='127.0.0.1', netmask='255.0.0.0', broadcast=None, ptp=None),
snic(family=17, address='00:00:00:00:00:00', netmask=None, broadcast=None, ptp=None)],
'wlp2s0': [snic(family=2, address='192.168.1.4', netmask='255.255.255.0', broadcast='192.168.1.255', ptp=None),
snic(family=17, address='00:21:27:ee:d6:03', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', ptp=None)]}
注意:由于每个接口可以有多个相同系列的地址,因此字典值是列表。
每个snic
都是一个namedtuple
,其中包括 5 个字段:
family
:地址族,要么AF_INET
,AF_INET6
要么psutil.AF_LINK
,指的是MAC地址。address
:主网卡地址(始终设置)。netmask
:网络掩码地址(可能为无)。broadcast
:广播地址(可能为无)。ptp
:代表“点对点”;它是点对点接口(通常是 VPN)上的目标地址。broadcast 和 ptp 是互斥的(可能是 None)。借助netifaces
模块将所有地址集中在一行:
[netifaces.ifaddresses(iface)[netifaces.AF_INET][0]['addr'] for iface in netifaces.interfaces() if netifaces.AF_INET in netifaces.ifaddresses(iface)]
https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/socket.html#socket.if_nameindex
socket.if_nameindex()
返回网络接口信息(索引 int,名称字符串)元组的列表。OSError 如果系统调用失败。
可用性:Unix。
3.3 版中的新功能。
使此代码可在 Python 3.4、UNIX / Linux 上运行
#!/env/python3.4
import socket
import fcntl
import struct
def active_nic_addresses():
"""
Return a list of IPv4 addresses that are active on the computer.
"""
addresses = [ip for ip in socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2] if not ip.startswith("127.")][:1]
return addresses
def get_ip_address( NICname ):
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
return socket.inet_ntoa(fcntl.ioctl(
s.fileno(),
0x8915, # SIOCGIFADDR
struct.pack('256s', NICname[:15].encode("UTF-8"))
)[20:24])
def nic_info():
"""
Return a list with tuples containing NIC and IPv4
"""
nic = []
for ix in socket.if_nameindex():
name = ix[1]
ip = get_ip_address( name )
nic.append( (name, ip) )
return nic
if __name__ == "__main__":
print( active_nic_addresses() )
print( nic_info() )
将打印如下内容:
['192.168.0.2']
[('lo', '127.0.0.1'), ('enp3s0', '192.168.0.2')]
正如这个线程所表明的,有很多方法可以获得相同的结果,我建议的方法是利用内置的家庭过滤器getaddrinfo()
并解析标准化的元组,如下所示:
from socket import getaddrinfo, AF_INET, gethostname
for ip in getaddrinfo(host=gethostname(), port=None, family=AF_INET):
print(ip[4][0])
示例输出:
192.168.55.1
192.168.170.234
您应该直接获取所有 IP 配置的 IP 地址,例如通过运行 ifconfig 并解析其输出(也可以执行ifconfig 直接在 Python 中执行的操作,看看它是如何在 C 中完成的)。如果您需要主机名,请使用 gethostbyaddr。
它只是 linux,但这里有一个非常简单的食谱http://code.activestate.com/recipes/439094/
它可能使用与另一个答案中提到的netifaces 包类似的代码(但当前版本链接在这里)
socket.getaddrinfo() 实际上并不返回设备的绑定 IP 地址。如果您的 hosts 文件包含“127.0.1.1 yourhost.example.com yourhost”行,这是一个常见配置,getaddrinfo 只会返回 127.0.1.1。
这是查找所有 IPv4 和 IPv6 接口的例程。正如之前的海报所指出的,socket.gethostbyname_ex() 不适用于 IPv6,Python 文档建议使用socket.getaddressinfo()代替。
此例程添加回调 IPv4 接口 (127.0.0.1),如果有任何 IPv6 接口,则它还添加回调 IPv6 接口 (::1)。在我的机器上,socket.getaddrinfo() 会给我一个或两个,但前提是我没有其他可用的接口。
出于我的需要,我想尝试在每个可用接口上的指定端口上打开一个 UDP 套接字,这就是代码中包含“端口”和 socket.SOCK_DGRAM 的原因。更改它们是安全的,例如,如果您没有考虑端口。
addrinfo_ipv4 = socket.getaddrinfo(hostname,port,socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
addrinfo_ipv6 = []
try:
addrinfo_ipv6 = socket.getaddrinfo(hostname,port,socket.AF_INET6,socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
except socket.gaierror:
pass
addrinfo = [(f,t,a) for f,t,p,cn,a in addrinfo_ipv4+addrinfo_ipv6]
addrinfo_local = [(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_DGRAM,('127.0.0.1',port))]
if addrinfo_ipv6:
addrinfo_local.append( (socket.AF_INET6,socket.SOCK_DGRAM,('::1',port)) )
[addrinfo.append(ai) for ai in addrinfo_local if ai not in addrinfo]
此代码段将提供系统中所有可用 IPV4 地址的列表。
import itertools
from netifaces import interfaces, ifaddresses, AF_INET
links = filter(None, (ifaddresses(x).get(AF_INET) for x in interfaces()))
links = itertools.chain(*links)
ip_addresses = [x['addr'] for x in links]
你可以像这样很容易地做到这一点:
import netifaces
for interface in netifaces.interfaces():
print netifaces.ifaddresses(interface)
有关更多信息,您可以查看netifaces 文档。
我认为@Harley Holcombe 的答案是可行的,但是如果您有一些没有 ip 的虚拟网卡,则会出错。所以这是我修改的:
def get_lan_ip():
for interface in interfaces():
try:
for link in ifaddresses(interface)[AF_INET]:
if str(link['addr']).startswith("172."):
return str(link['addr'])
except:
pass
这只会返回你的局域网 ipv4