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许多谓词本质上使用某种形式的传递闭包,只是发现也必须解决终止问题。为什么不使用以下方法一劳永逸地解决这个问题closure0/3

:- meta_predicate closure0(2,?,?).
:- meta_predicate closure(2,?,?).

:- meta_predicate closure0(2,?,?,+). % internal

closure0(R_2, X0,X) :-
   closure0(R_2, X0,X, [X0]).

closure(R_2, X0,X) :-
   call(R_2, X0,X1),
   closure0(R_2, X1,X, [X1,X0]).

closure0(_R_2, X,X, _).
closure0(R_2, X0,X, Xs) :-
   call(R_2, X0,X1),
   non_member(X1, Xs),
   closure0(R_2, X1,X, [X1|Xs]).

non_member(_E, []).
non_member(E, [X|Xs]) :-
   dif(E,X),
   non_member(E, Xs).

是否存在此定义不能用于实现传递闭包的情况?


为什么要区分 / 2?

详细回答@WouterBeek 的评论:dif/2或者iso_dif/2是理想的,因为它们能够显示或发出潜在问题的信号。然而,在当前的实现中,顶层循环通常隐藏了实际问题。考虑一下这个目标closure0(\_^_^true,a,b),它本身肯定是有问题的。使用以下系统时,实际问题直接不可见。

| ?- closure0(\_^_^true,a,b). % SICStus
yes

?- closure0(\_^_^true,a,b).   % SWI
true ;
true ;
true ...

两个顶级循环都没有显示我们真正想看到的:悬空约束。在 SICStus 中,我们需要一个伪变量来产生一些替换,在 SWI 中,查询必须用call_residue_vars/2. 以这种方式,现在显示了所有附加了约束的变量。

| ?- closure0(\_^_^true,a,b), Alt=t. % SICStus
Alt = t ? ;
Alt = t,
prolog:dif(_A,a),
prolog:dif(b,_A) ? ;
Alt = t,
prolog:dif(_A,a),
prolog:dif(_B,_A),
prolog:dif(_B,a),
prolog:dif(b,_B),
prolog:dif(b,_A) ...

?- call_residue_vars(closure0(\_^_^true,a,b),Vs). % SWI
Vs = [] ;
Vs = [_G1744, _G1747, _G1750],
dif(_G1744, a),
dif(b, _G1744) ;
Vs = [_G1915, _G1918, _G1921, _G1924, _G1927, _G1930, _G1933],
dif(_G1915, a),
dif(b, _G1915),
dif(_G1921, _G1915),
dif(_G1921, a),
dif(b, _G1921) ...
4

1 回答 1

19

它很有用,但在我看来还不理想,因为我无法在创建路径时剪切重复的路径。

考虑,使用完整的图K_n

n_complete(N, Es) :-
    numlist(1, N, Ns),
    phrase(pairs(Ns), Es).

adjacent(Edges, X, Y) :- member(edge(X, Y), Edges).

pairs([]) --> [].
pairs([N|Ns]) --> edges(Ns, N), pairs(Ns).

edges([], _) --> [].
edges([N|Ns], X) --> [edge(X,N),edge(N,X)], edges(Ns, X).

以下查询现在具有超指数运行时,尽管实际上可以在多项式时间内找到闭包:

?- length(_, N), n_complete(N, Es), portray_clause(N),
   time(findall(Y, closure0(adjacent(Es), 1, Y), Ys)),
   false.
1.
16 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (97% CPU, 1982161 Lips)
2.
54 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (98% CPU, 4548901 Lips)
3.
259 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (97% CPU, 14499244 Lips)
4.
1,479 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (100% CPU, 16219595 Lips)
5.
9,599 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (100% CPU, 27691393 Lips)
6.
70,465 inferences, 0.002 CPU in 0.002 seconds (100% CPU, 28911161 Lips)
7.
581,283 inferences, 0.020 CPU in 0.020 seconds (100% CPU, 29397339 Lips)
8.
5,343,059 inferences, 0.181 CPU in 0.181 seconds (100% CPU, 29488001 Lips)
9.
54,252,559 inferences, 1.809 CPU in 1.808 seconds (100% CPU, 29994536 Lips)
10.
603,682,989 inferences, 19.870 CPU in 19.865 seconds (100% CPU, 30381451 Lips)

如果也可以用这个元谓词来表达一种更有效的确定闭包的方法,那就太好了。

例如,通常会简单地使用 Warshall 算法以立方时间计算闭包,代码类似于:

node_edges_closure(Node, Edges, Closure) :-
        warshall_fixpoint(Edges, [Node], Closure).

warshall_fixpoint(Edges, Nodes0, Closure) :-
        findall(Y, (member(X, Nodes0), adjacent(Edges, X, Y)), Nodes1, Nodes0),
        sort(Nodes1, Nodes),
        (   Nodes == Nodes0 -> Closure = Nodes0
        ;   warshall_fixpoint(Edges, Nodes, Closure)
        ).

屈服(与很好的声明相比有所有缺点closure0/3):

?- length(_, N), n_complete(N, Es), portray_clause(N),
   time(node_edges_closure(1, Es, Ys)),
   false.
1.
% 16 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (75% CPU, 533333 Lips)
2.
% 43 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (85% CPU, 1228571 Lips)
3.
% 69 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (85% CPU, 1769231 Lips)
4.
% 115 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (89% CPU, 2346939 Lips)
5.
% 187 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (91% CPU, 2968254 Lips)
6.
% 291 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (92% CPU, 3548780 Lips)
7.
% 433 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (95% CPU, 3866071 Lips)
8.
% 619 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (96% CPU, 4268966 Lips)
9.
% 855 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (97% CPU, 4500000 Lips)
10.
% 1,147 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.000 seconds (98% CPU, 4720165 Lips)
etc.
于 2014-11-19T15:38:40.927 回答