385

在 Ruby 中,如何从某个类的实例调用一个类方法?说我有

class Truck
  def self.default_make
    # Class method.
    "mac"
  end

  def initialize
    # Instance method.
    Truck.default_make  # gets the default via the class's method.
    # But: I wish to avoid mentioning Truck. Seems I'm repeating myself.
  end
end

该行Truck.default_make检索默认值。但是有没有办法不提Truck?好像应该有。

4

9 回答 9

620

与其引用类的字面名称,不如在实例方法中调用self.class.whatever.

class Foo
    def self.some_class_method
        puts self
    end

    def some_instance_method
        self.class.some_class_method
    end
end

print "Class method: "
Foo.some_class_method

print "Instance method: "
Foo.new.some_instance_method

输出:

类方法:Foo
实例方法:Foo
于 2010-03-27T02:33:57.310 回答
207

在继承方面,使用self.class.blah与使用不同。ClassName.blah

class Truck
  def self.default_make
    "mac"
  end

  def make1
    self.class.default_make
  end

  def make2
    Truck.default_make
  end
end


class BigTruck < Truck
  def self.default_make
    "bigmac"
  end
end

ruby-1.9.3-p0 :021 > b=BigTruck.new
 => #<BigTruck:0x0000000307f348> 
ruby-1.9.3-p0 :022 > b.make1
 => "bigmac" 
ruby-1.9.3-p0 :023 > b.make2
 => "mac" 
于 2012-10-12T10:50:42.337 回答
17

要访问实例方法中的类方法,请执行以下操作:

self.class.default_make

这是您的问题的替代解决方案:

class Truck

  attr_accessor :make, :year

  def self.default_make
    "Toyota"
  end

  def make
    @make || self.class.default_make
  end

  def initialize(make=nil, year=nil)
    self.year, self.make = year, make
  end
end

现在让我们使用我们的类:

t = Truck.new("Honda", 2000)
t.make
# => "Honda"
t.year
# => "2000"

t = Truck.new
t.make
# => "Toyota"
t.year
# => nil
于 2010-03-27T03:13:38.450 回答
9

如果您有权访问委托方法,则可以执行以下操作:

[20] pry(main)> class Foo
[20] pry(main)*   def self.bar
[20] pry(main)*     "foo bar"
[20] pry(main)*   end  
[20] pry(main)*   delegate :bar, to: 'self.class'
[20] pry(main)* end  
=> [:bar]
[21] pry(main)> Foo.new.bar
=> "foo bar"
[22] pry(main)> Foo.bar
=> "foo bar"

或者,如果您想要委托给类和实例的方法超过一两个,则可能更简洁:

[1] pry(main)> class Foo
[1] pry(main)*   module AvailableToClassAndInstance
[1] pry(main)*     def bar
[1] pry(main)*       "foo bar"
[1] pry(main)*     end  
[1] pry(main)*   end  
[1] pry(main)*   include AvailableToClassAndInstance
[1] pry(main)*   extend AvailableToClassAndInstance
[1] pry(main)* end  
=> Foo
[2] pry(main)> Foo.new.bar
=> "foo bar"
[3] pry(main)> Foo.bar
=> "foo bar"

提醒一句:

不要只是随机delegate所有不会将状态更改为类和实例的东西,因为您将开始遇到奇怪的名称冲突问题。谨慎执行此操作,并且仅在您检查没有其他内容被压扁之后。

于 2013-01-16T09:36:27.537 回答
6
self.class.default_make
于 2010-03-27T03:28:13.073 回答
4

你做对了。类方法(类似于 C++ 或 Java 中的“静态”方法)不是实例的一部分,因此必须直接引用它们。

关于这一点,在您的示例中,最好将“default_make”设置为常规方法:

#!/usr/bin/ruby

class Truck
    def default_make
        # Class method.
        "mac"
    end

    def initialize
        # Instance method.
        puts default_make  # gets the default via the class's method.
    end
end

myTruck = Truck.new()

类方法对于使用类的实用程序类型函数更有用。例如:

#!/usr/bin/ruby

class Truck
    attr_accessor :make

    def default_make
        # Class method.
        "mac"
    end

    def self.buildTrucks(make, count)
        truckArray = []

        (1..count).each do
            truckArray << Truck.new(make)
        end

        return truckArray
    end

    def initialize(make = nil)
        if( make == nil )
            @make = default_make()
        else
            @make = make
        end
    end
end

myTrucks = Truck.buildTrucks("Yotota", 4)

myTrucks.each do |truck|
    puts truck.make
end
于 2010-03-27T02:06:14.690 回答
3

多一个:

class Truck
  def self.default_make
    "mac"
  end

  attr_reader :make

  private define_method :default_make, &method(:default_make)

  def initialize(make = default_make)
    @make = make
  end
end

puts Truck.new.make # => mac
于 2014-06-17T20:33:58.597 回答
1

这是一种关于如何实现适用于这种情况的_class方法的方法。self.class注意:不要在生产代码中使用它,这是为了兴趣:)

来自:你能在 Ruby 调用者的上下文中评估代码吗?还有http://rubychallenger.blogspot.com.au/2011/07/caller-binding.html

# Rabid monkey-patch for Object
require 'continuation' if RUBY_VERSION >= '1.9.0'
class Object
  def __; eval 'self.class', caller_binding; end
  alias :_class :__
  def caller_binding
    cc = nil; count = 0
    set_trace_func lambda { |event, file, lineno, id, binding, klass|
      if count == 2
        set_trace_func nil
        cc.call binding
      elsif event == "return"
        count += 1
      end
    }
    return callcc { |cont| cc = cont }
  end
end

# Now we have awesome
def Tiger
  def roar
    # self.class.roar
    __.roar
    # or, even
    _class.roar
  end
  def self.roar
    # TODO: tigerness
  end
end

也许正确的答案是为 Ruby 提交补丁 :)

于 2013-02-26T14:16:54.123 回答
-7

与您的问题类似,您可以使用:

class Truck
  def default_make
    # Do something
  end

  def initialize
    super
    self.default_make
  end
end
于 2014-07-11T11:54:06.747 回答