显然，帧缓冲区速度很快，并且是在屏幕外渲染纹理或简单地预先创建事物的最佳方式。
然而，我的游戏根本不喜欢它们。在当前的代码中，经常使用帧缓冲区，有时每帧多次使用。使用时，游戏开始变慢，但不是立即变慢。这似乎需要时间（也许是内存累积问题？）。在某些区域，帧缓冲对象似乎并没有让游戏减速太多，偶尔游戏会停止几秒钟，然后才能正常继续。
我认为帧缓冲区是问题所在，因为游戏在不使用它们的区域速度很快。
我正在使用 python 和 pyopengl。OpenGL 代码类似于其他语言的代码，所以我认为 Python 知识并不重要。
有些东西直接渲染到屏幕上，其他纹理渲染到 Surface 类所涉及的其他纹理。这类似于 pygame，这是我在改变主意之前开始玩游戏的地方。
这是相关的代码。
def create_texture(surface):
surface.texture = glGenTextures(1)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity() #Loads model matrix
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, surface.texture) #Binds the current 2D texture to the texture to be drawn
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR) #Required to be set for maping the pixel data
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR) #Similar as above
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, surface.surface_size[0], surface.surface_size[1], 0, GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, surface.data) #Put surface pixel data into texture
if surface.data == None:
setup_framebuffer(surface)
c = [float(sc)/255.0 for sc in surface.colour] #Divide colours by 255 because OpenGL uses 0-1
if surface.background_alpha != None:
c[3] = float(surface.background_alpha)/255.0
glClearColor(*c)
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
end_framebuffer()
Surface.texture_ready.append(surface)
def setup_framebuffer(surface):
#Create texture if not done already
if surface.texture == None:
create_texture(surface)
#Render child to parent
if surface.frame_buffer == None:
surface.frame_buffer = glGenFramebuffersEXT(1)
glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, surface.frame_buffer)
glFramebufferTexture2DEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, surface.texture, 0)
glPushAttrib(GL_VIEWPORT_BIT)
glViewport(0,0,surface._scale[0],surface._scale[1])
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity() #Load the projection matrix
gluOrtho2D(0,surface._scale[0],0,surface._scale[1])
def end_framebuffer():
glPopAttrib()
glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity() #Load the projection matrix
gluOrtho2D(0,1280,720,0) #Set an orthorgraphic view
def draw_texture(texture,offset,size,a,rounded,sides,angle,point):
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity() #Loads model matrix
glColor4f(1,1,1,float(a)/255.0)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture)
if rounded == 0:
if angle == 0:
glBegin(GL_QUADS)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0)
glVertex2i(*offset) #Top Left
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0)
glVertex2i(offset[0],offset[1] + size[1]) #Bottom Left
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0)
glVertex2i(offset[0] + size[0],offset[1] + size[1]) #Bottom, Right
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0)
glVertex2i(offset[0] + size[0],offset[1]) #Top, Right
glEnd()
else:
glBegin(GL_QUADS)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0)
glVertex2f(*rotate_coordinate(offset,point,angle)) #Top Left
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0)
glVertex2f(*rotate_coordinate((offset[0],offset[1] + size[1]),point,angle)) #Bottom Left
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0)
glVertex2f(*rotate_coordinate((offset[0] + size[0],offset[1] + size[1]),point,angle)) #Bottom, Right
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0)
glVertex2f(*rotate_coordinate((offset[0] + size[0],offset[1]),point,angle)) #Top, Right
glEnd()
else:
global arc_factors
arc = [[o*rounded for o in c] for c in arc_factors]
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
if sides % 2:
for c in arc:
coordinates = (offset[0] + rounded - c[0],offset[1] + rounded - c[1])
glTexCoord2f((coordinates[0]-offset[0])/size[0],(coordinates[1]-offset[1])/size[1])
glVertex2f(*coordinates)
else:
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0)
glVertex2f(*rotate_coordinate(offset,point,angle)) #Top Left
if sides % 4 > 1:
for c in arc[::-1]:
coordinates = (offset[0] + size[0] - rounded + c[0],offset[1] + rounded - c[1])
glTexCoord2f((coordinates[0]-offset[0])/size[0],(coordinates[1]-offset[1])/size[1])
glVertex2f(*coordinates)
else:
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0)
glVertex2f(*rotate_coordinate((offset[0] + size[0],offset[1]),point,angle)) #Top, Right
if sides % 8 > 3:
for c in arc:
coordinates = (offset[0] + size[0] - rounded + c[0],offset[1] + size[1] - rounded + c[1])
glTexCoord2f((coordinates[0]-offset[0])/size[0],(coordinates[1]-offset[1])/size[1])
glVertex2f(*coordinates)
else:
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0)
glVertex2f(*rotate_coordinate((offset[0] + size[0],offset[1] + size[1]),point,angle)) #Bottom, Right
if sides > 7:
for c in arc[::-1]:
coordinates = (offset[0] + rounded - c[0],offset[1] + size[1] - rounded + c[1])
glTexCoord2f((coordinates[0]-offset[0])/size[0],(coordinates[1]-offset[1])/size[1])
glVertex2f(*coordinates)
else:
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0)
glVertex2f(*rotate_coordinate((offset[0],offset[1] + size[1]),point,angle)) #Bottom Left
glEnd()
def texture_to_texture(target,surface,offset,rounded,rotation,point):
#Create texture if not done already
if surface.texture == None:
create_texture(surface)
#Render child to parent
setup_framebuffer(target)
draw_texture(surface.texture,offset,surface._scale,surface.colour[3],rounded,surface.rounded_sides,rotation,point)
end_framebuffer()
def texture_to_screen(surface,offset,rotation,point):
if surface.texture == None:
create_texture(surface)
draw_texture(surface.texture,offset,surface._scale,surface.colour[3],surface.rounded,surface.rounded_sides,rotation,point)
class Surface():
texture_ready = []
def __init__(self,size,extra = None):
self._offset = (0,0)
self.children = []
self.blitted = False
self.last_offset = [0,0]
self.surface_size = list(size)
self.colour = [0,0,0,255]
self.data = None
self.rounded = 0
self.parent = None
self.parent_offset = (0,0)
self.texture = None
self.frame_buffer = None
self._scale = size
self.background_alpha = None
self.rounded_sides = 0
def blit(self,surface,offset,rotation = 0,point = (0,0)):
texture_to_texture(self,surface,offset,surface.rounded,rotation,point)
if surface not in self.children:
self.children.append(surface)
if surface.parent_offset != offset or not surface.blitted:
surface.parent_offset = offset
surface._offset = [offset[0] + self._offset[0],offset[1] + self._offset[1]]
surface.recursive_offset_change() #Add to the children's offsets
surface.blitted = True
def set_background_alpha(self,alpha):
self.background_alpha = float(alpha)/255.0
def recursive_offset_change(self):
for child in self.children:
child._offset = (self._offset[0] + child.parent_offset[0],self._offset[1] + child.parent_offset[1])
child.recursive_offset_change()
def get_offset(self):
return self._offset
def fill(self,colour):
colour = list(colour)
if len(colour) < 4:
colour.append(255)
self.children = []
self.textures = []
self.colour = colour
if self.texture != None:
glDeleteTextures([self.texture])
self.data = None
create_texture(self)
def get_size(self):
return self.surface_size
def get_width(self):
return self.surface_size[0]
def get_height(self):
return self.surface_size[1]
def round_corners(self,r,sides = 15):
self.rounded = r
self.rounded_sides = sides
def get_rect(self):
return Rect(self._offset,self.surface_size)
def scale(self,scale):
self._scale = scale
return self
def __del__(self):
if self.texture != None:
glDeleteTextures([self.texture])
if self.frame_buffer != None:
glDeleteFramebuffersEXT(1, [int(self.frame_buffer)])
class Game(Surface):
game_size = None
first_screen = None
screen = None
fs = False #Fullscreen false to start
clock = None
resize = True
game_gap = None
game_scaled = (0,0)
title = None
fps = -1
enter_fullscreen = False
exit_fullscreen = False
scale_to_screen = False
iconify = False
on_focus_fullscreen = False
f_key = False
fade = 0
p_key = False
music_stop = False
unfade = False
event_after_fade = -1
loaded = False
fade = 255
unfade = True
homedir = os.path.expanduser("~")
fade_screen = False
keys = []
events = []
sections = []
back_key = False
transfer_args = ()
mouse_pos = (0,0)
def __init__(self,title,game_size,on_exit = sys.exit):
self.keys = [False] * 323
self.events = []
pygame.font.init()
pygame.mixer.init()
self.title = title
self.game_size = game_size
self.first_screen = (1280,720) #Take 120 pixels from the height because the menu bar, window bar and dock takes space
glutInit(sys.argv)
glutInitWindowPosition(0,0)
glutInitWindowSize(*game_size)
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA)
glutGameModeString("1280x720:32@60") #720 HD
glutCreateWindow(title)
glutSetIconTitle(title)
self.callbacks()
self.game_gap = (0,0)
self.on_exit = on_exit
self.mod_key = 1024 if sys.platform == "darwin" else 64
Surface.__init__(self,game_size)
self.screen_change = True
self.frames = [time.time()]
self.fps = 60
self.last_time = 0
self.fade_surface = Surface([1280,720])
def callbacks(self):
glutReshapeFunc(self.reshaped)
glutKeyboardFunc(self.keydown)
glutKeyboardUpFunc(self.keyup)
glutSpecialFunc(self.specialdown)
glutSpecialUpFunc(self.specialup)
glutDisplayFunc(self.game_loop)
glutIdleFunc(self.game_loop)
glutMouseFunc(self.mouse_func)
glutPassiveMotionFunc(self.mouse_move)
glutMotionFunc(self.mouse_move)
glViewport(0,0,self.first_screen[0],self.first_screen[1]) #Creates the viewport which is mapped to the window
glEnable(GL_BLEND) #Enable alpha blending
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D) #Enable 2D Textures
glEnable(GL_POLYGON_SMOOTH) #Enable antialiased polygons
glHint(GL_POLYGON_SMOOTH_HINT, GL_NICEST)
glHint(GL_LINE_SMOOTH_HINT, GL_NICEST)
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity() #Load the projection matrix
gluOrtho2D(0,1280,720,0) #Set an orthorgraphic view
def add_section(self,section_object):
self.sections.append(section_object)
def mouse_func(self,button, state, x, y):
self.events.append((state,button,x,y))
def mouse_move(self,x,y):
self.events.append((MOUSEMOTION,x - self.mouse_pos[0], y - self.mouse_pos[1]))
self.mouse_pos = (x,y)
def keydown(self,char,x,y):
#300 miliusecond delay, 50 milisecond repeat
self.change_keys(char,True)
def keyup(self,char,x,y):
self.change_keys(char,False)
def change_keys(self,char,bool):
char = ord(char)
#Switch backspace and delete
if char == 8:
char = 127
elif char == 127:
char = 8
self.keys[char] = bool
def specialdown(self,char,x,y):
if char == GLUT_KEY_UP:
self.keys[K_UP] = True
if char == GLUT_KEY_DOWN:
self.keys[K_DOWN] = True
if char == GLUT_KEY_LEFT:
self.keys[K_LEFT] = True
if char == GLUT_KEY_RIGHT:
self.keys[K_RIGHT] = True
def specialup(self,char,x,y):
if char == GLUT_KEY_UP:
self.keys[K_UP] = False
if char == GLUT_KEY_DOWN:
self.keys[K_DOWN] = False
if char == GLUT_KEY_LEFT:
self.keys[K_LEFT] = False
if char == GLUT_KEY_RIGHT:
self.keys[K_RIGHT] = False
def reshaped(self,w,h):
#Scale game to screen resolution, keeping aspect ratio
self.screen_change = True
self.game_scaled = get_resolution((w,h),self.game_size)
glutReshapeWindow(*self.game_scaled)
glViewport(0,0,self.game_scaled[0],self.game_scaled[1])
glutPositionWindow((1280- w)/2,(720 - h)/2)
def game_loop(self):
self.section.loop()
if self.unfade:
if self.fade == 255:
play_music(self.section.music)
if self.fade > 0:
self.fade -= 5
else:
self.music_stop = False
self.unfade = False
if self.fade_screen and not self.unfade: #Fade out
if self.fade == 0:
sound("/sounds/menu3/fade.ogg").play()
self.music_stop = True
pygame.mixer.music.fadeout(850)
if self.fade < 255:
self.fade += 5
else:
self.fade_screen = False
self.unfade = True
if self.fade_screen == False:
if self.event_after_fade != -1:
self.section = self.sections[self.event_after_fade]
self.section.transfer(*self.transfer_args)
self.transfer_args = ()
self.event_after_fade = -1
self.fade_surface.fill((0,0,0,self.fade))
self.blit(self.fade_surface,(0,0))
for event in self.events:
if event[1] == MUSICEND and self.music_stop == False:
play_music(self.section.music)
self.events = [] #Remove events
global draw_texture_time
#Updates screen properly
for event in self.events:
if event.type == QUIT:
self.on_exit()
if True:
if self.keys[K_f]:
if self.f_key == False:
self.f_key = True
if self.fs == False:
self.enter_fullscreen = True
else:
self.exit_fullscreen = True
else:
self.f_key = False
if self.on_focus_fullscreen and pygame.display.get_active():
self.on_focus_fullscreen = False
self.enter_fullscreen = True
pixel_data = []
if self.enter_fullscreen or self.exit_fullscreen:
for surface in Surface.texture_ready:
if surface.texture != None:
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, surface.texture)
glGetTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,surface.data)
surface.texture = None
if surface.frame_buffer != None:
pixel_data.append((surface,None))
glReadPixels(0,0,surface.surface_size[0],surface.surface_size[1],GL_BGRA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,pixel_data[-1][1])
Surface.texture_ready = []
if self.enter_fullscreen:
glutEnterGameMode()
self.callbacks()
self.fs = True
self.enter_fullscreen = False
elif self.exit_fullscreen:
glutSetCursor(GLUT_CURSOR_INHERIT)
self.fs = False
glutLeaveGameMode()
self.callbacks()
self.exit_fullscreen = False
if self.iconify:
self.on_focus_fullscreen = True
if self.enter_fullscreen or self.exit_fullscreen:
for surface, data in pixel_data:
surface.frame_buffer = glGenFramebuffersEXT(1)
setup_framebuffer(surface)
glDrawPixels(surface.surface_size[0],surface.surface_size[1],GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,data)
end_framebuffer()
if self.iconify:
pygame.display.iconify() #Minimise
self.iconify = False
glFlush()
glutSwapBuffers() #Flip buffer
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
self.frames.append(time.time())
time_d = (self.frames[-1] - self.frames[-2])
if time_d < 0.01667:
time.sleep(0.01667 - time_d)
self.frames[-1] = time.time()
self.fps = len(self.frames)/(self.frames[-1] - self.frames[0])
if self.fps > 60:
self.fps = 60
self.frames = [frame for frame in self.frames if (self.frames[-1] - frame) < 1]
glutSetWindowTitle(self.title + " - " + str(int(self.fps)) + "fps")
def blit(self,surface,offset,rotation = 0,point = (0,0)):
if surface.get_offset() != offset or not surface.blitted:
surface._offset = offset
surface.recursive_offset_change() #Add to the children's offsets
surface.blitted = True
texture_to_screen(surface,offset,rotation,point)
def transfer_section(self,section,args=()):
self.transfer_args = args
self.event_after_fade = section
self.fade_screen = True
如果有人能帮我解决这个问题，那就太棒了。我花了很长时间让 FBO 开始工作。令人沮丧的是，它们无法正常工作。如果要删除它们，那又是一场噩梦。但我必须面对任何需要做的事情才能让比赛变得更快。