java - 将 PEM 导入 Java 密钥库

Question

我正在尝试连接到需要我进行身份验证的 SSL 服务器。为了在 Apache MINA 上使用 SSL，我需要一个合适的 JKS 文件。但是，我只得到了一个 .PEM 文件。

我将如何从 PEM 文件创建 JKS 文件？

Answer 1

首先，将您的证书转换为 DER 格式：

openssl x509 -outform der -in certificate.pem -out certificate.der

之后，将其导入密钥库：

keytool -import -alias your-alias -keystore cacerts -file certificate.der

Answer 2

如果您只想将 PEM 格式的证书导入密钥库，keytool 将完成这项工作：

keytool -import -alias *alias* -keystore cacerts -file *cert.pem*

Answer 3

我开发了http://code.google.com/p/java-keyutil/将 PEM 证书直接导入 Java 密钥库。其主要目的是导入多部分 PEM 操作系统证书包，例如 ca-bundle.crt。这些通常包括 keytool 无法处理的标头

</self promotion>

Answer 4

如果您需要一种简单的方法来在 Java 中加载 PEM 文件而无需处理外部工具（opensll、keytool），这是我在生产中使用的代码：

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.KeyStoreException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

import javax.net.ssl.KeyManager;
import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLServerSocketFactory;
import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter;

public class PEMImporter {

    public static SSLServerSocketFactory createSSLFactory(File privateKeyPem, File certificatePem, String password) throws Exception {
        final SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
        final KeyStore keystore = createKeyStore(privateKeyPem, certificatePem, password);
        final KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
        kmf.init(keystore, password.toCharArray());
        final KeyManager[] km = kmf.getKeyManagers();
        context.init(km, null, null);
        return context.getServerSocketFactory();
    }

    /**
     * Create a KeyStore from standard PEM files
     * 
     * @param privateKeyPem the private key PEM file
     * @param certificatePem the certificate(s) PEM file
     * @param the password to set to protect the private key
     */
    public static KeyStore createKeyStore(File privateKeyPem, File certificatePem, final String password)
            throws Exception, KeyStoreException, IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, CertificateException {
        final X509Certificate[] cert = createCertificates(certificatePem);
        final KeyStore keystore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
        keystore.load(null);
        // Import private key
        final PrivateKey key = createPrivateKey(privateKeyPem);
        keystore.setKeyEntry(privateKeyPem.getName(), key, password.toCharArray(), cert);
        return keystore;
    }

    private static PrivateKey createPrivateKey(File privateKeyPem) throws Exception {
        final BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(privateKeyPem));
        String s = r.readLine();
        if (s == null || !s.contains("BEGIN PRIVATE KEY")) {
            r.close();
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No PRIVATE KEY found");
        }
        final StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
        s = "";
        while (s != null) {
            if (s.contains("END PRIVATE KEY")) {
                break;
            }
            b.append(s);
            s = r.readLine();
        }
        r.close();
        final String hexString = b.toString();
        final byte[] bytes = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(hexString);
        return generatePrivateKeyFromDER(bytes);
    }

    private static X509Certificate[] createCertificates(File certificatePem) throws Exception {
        final List<X509Certificate> result = new ArrayList<X509Certificate>();
        final BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(certificatePem));
        String s = r.readLine();
        if (s == null || !s.contains("BEGIN CERTIFICATE")) {
            r.close();
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No CERTIFICATE found");
        }
        StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
        while (s != null) {
            if (s.contains("END CERTIFICATE")) {
                String hexString = b.toString();
                final byte[] bytes = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(hexString);
                X509Certificate cert = generateCertificateFromDER(bytes);
                result.add(cert);
                b = new StringBuilder();
            } else {
                if (!s.startsWith("----")) {
                    b.append(s);
                }
            }
            s = r.readLine();
        }
        r.close();

        return result.toArray(new X509Certificate[result.size()]);
    }

    private static RSAPrivateKey generatePrivateKeyFromDER(byte[] keyBytes) throws InvalidKeySpecException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
        final PKCS8EncodedKeySpec spec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
        final KeyFactory factory = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
        return (RSAPrivateKey) factory.generatePrivate(spec);
    }

    private static X509Certificate generateCertificateFromDER(byte[] certBytes) throws CertificateException {
        final CertificateFactory factory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
        return (X509Certificate) factory.generateCertificate(new ByteArrayInputStream(certBytes));
    }

}

玩得开心。

Answer 5

就我而言，我有一个 pem 文件，其中包含两个证书和一个加密私钥，用于相互 SSL 身份验证。所以我的 pem 文件看起来像这样：

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

...

-----END CERTIFICATE-----

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED

DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,C8BF220FC76AA5F9

...

-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

...

-----END CERTIFICATE-----

这是我所做的

将文件拆分为三个单独的文件，以便每个文件仅包含一个条目，---BEGIN..以行开头和结尾---END..。假设我们现在有三个文件：cert1.pem、cert2.pem和pkey.pem.

pkey.pem使用 openssl 和以下语法转换为 DER 格式：

openssl pkcs8 -topk8 -nocrypt -in pkey.pem -inform PEM -out pkey.der -outform DER

请注意，如果私钥已加密，您需要提供密码（从原始 pem 文件的供应商处获取）以转换为 DER 格式， openssl会要求您输入密码，如下所示：“输入密码短语pkey.pem：”。

如果转换成功，您将获得一个名为pkey.der.

创建一个新的 java 密钥库并导入私钥和证书：

String keypass = "password";  // this is a new password, you need to come up with to protect your java key store file
String defaultalias = "importkey";
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS", "SUN");

// this section does not make much sense to me, 
// but I will leave it intact as this is how it was in the original example I found on internet:   
ks.load( null, keypass.toCharArray());
ks.store( new FileOutputStream ( "mykeystore"  ), keypass.toCharArray());
ks.load( new FileInputStream ( "mykeystore" ),    keypass.toCharArray());
// end of section..


// read the key file from disk and create a PrivateKey

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("pkey.der");
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(fis);
byte[] bytes = new byte[dis.available()];
dis.readFully(bytes);
ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);

byte[] key = new byte[bais.available()];
KeyFactory kf = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
bais.read(key, 0, bais.available());
bais.close();

PKCS8EncodedKeySpec keysp = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec ( key );
PrivateKey ff = kf.generatePrivate (keysp);


// read the certificates from the files and load them into the key store:

Collection  col_crt1 = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509").generateCertificates(new FileInputStream("cert1.pem"));
Collection  col_crt2 = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509").generateCertificates(new FileInputStream("cert2.pem"));

Certificate crt1 = (Certificate) col_crt1.iterator().next();
Certificate crt2 = (Certificate) col_crt2.iterator().next();
Certificate[] chain = new Certificate[] { crt1, crt2 };

String alias1 = ((X509Certificate) crt1).getSubjectX500Principal().getName();
String alias2 = ((X509Certificate) crt2).getSubjectX500Principal().getName();

ks.setCertificateEntry(alias1, crt1);
ks.setCertificateEntry(alias2, crt2);

// store the private key
ks.setKeyEntry(defaultalias, ff, keypass.toCharArray(), chain );

// save the key store to a file         
ks.store(new FileOutputStream ( "mykeystore" ),keypass.toCharArray());

（可选）验证新密钥库的内容：

$ keytool -list -keystore mykeystore -storepass password

密钥库类型：JKS 密钥库提供者：SUN

您的密钥库包含 3 个条目：

• cn=...,ou=...,o=..，2014 年 9 月 2 日，trustedCertEntry，证书指纹 (SHA1): 2C:B8: ...

• importkey，2014 年 9 月 2 日，PrivateKeyEntry，证书指纹 (SHA1)：9C:B0: ...

• cn=...,o=....，2014 年 9 月 2 日，trustedCertEntry，证书指纹 (SHA1)：83:63：...

（可选）针对您的 SSL 服务器测试您的新密钥库中的证书和私钥：（您可能希望启用调试作为 VM 选项：-Djavax.net.debug=all）

        char[] passw = "password".toCharArray();
        KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS", "SUN");
        ks.load(new FileInputStream ( "mykeystore" ), passw );

        KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
        kmf.init(ks, passw);

        TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
        tmf.init(ks);
        TrustManager[] tm = tmf.getTrustManagers();

        SSLContext sclx = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
        sclx.init( kmf.getKeyManagers(), tm, null);

        SSLSocketFactory factory = sclx.getSocketFactory();
        SSLSocket socket = (SSLSocket) factory.createSocket( "192.168.1.111", 443 );
        socket.startHandshake();

        //if no exceptions are thrown in the startHandshake method, then everything is fine..

如果打算使用它，最后使用 HttpsURLConnection 注册您的证书：

        char[] passw = "password".toCharArray();
        KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS", "SUN");
        ks.load(new FileInputStream ( "mykeystore" ), passw );

        KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
        kmf.init(ks, passw);

        TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
        tmf.init(ks);
        TrustManager[] tm = tmf.getTrustManagers();

        SSLContext sclx = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
        sclx.init( kmf.getKeyManagers(), tm, null);

        HostnameVerifier hv = new HostnameVerifier()
        {
            public boolean verify(String urlHostName, SSLSession session)
            {
                if (!urlHostName.equalsIgnoreCase(session.getPeerHost()))
                {
                    System.out.println("Warning: URL host '" + urlHostName + "' is different to SSLSession host '" + session.getPeerHost() + "'.");
                }
                return true;
            }
        };

        HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory( sclx.getSocketFactory() );
        HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(hv);

Answer 6

我使用了密钥库资源管理器

1. 用私钥打开 JKS
2. 检查 CA 签署的 PEM
3. 导入密钥
4. 保存 JKS

Answer 7

我总是忘记如何做到这一点，因为这是我偶尔会做的事情，这是一种可能的解决方案，而且它很有效：

1. 转到您喜欢的浏览器并从受保护的网站下载主证书。

2. 执行以下两行代码：

   $ openssl x509 -outform der -in GlobalSignRootCA.crt -out GlobalSignRootCA.der
   $ keytool -import -alias GlobalSignRootCA -keystore GlobalSignRootCA.jks -file GlobalSignRootCA.der
   

3. 如果在 Java SE 环境中执行，请添加以下选项：

   $ java -Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore=GlobalSignRootCA.jks -Djavax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword=trustStorePassword -jar MyJar.jar
   

4. 或者将以下内容添加到 java 代码中：

   System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.trustStore", "GlobalSignRootCA.jks");
   System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword","trustStorePassword");
   

第 2 步的另一个选项是仅使用该keytool命令。Bellow 是一个带有证书链的示例：

$ keytool -import -file org.eu.crt -alias orgcrt -keystore globalsignrs.jks
$ keytool -import -file GlobalSignOrganizationValidationCA-SHA256-G2.crt -alias globalsignorgvalca -keystore globalsignrs.jks
$ keytool -import -file GlobalSignRootCA.crt -alias globalsignrootca -keystore globalsignrs.jks

Answer 8

还有一个 GUI 工具允许可视化 JKS 创建和证书导入。

http://portecle.sourceforge.net/

Portecle 是一个用户友好的 GUI 应用程序，用于创建、管理和检查密钥库、密钥、证书、证书请求、证书撤销列表等。

Answer 9

尽管这个问题已经很老了，而且已经有很多答案，但我认为值得提供一个替代方案。使用本机 java 类使得仅使用 pem 文件变得非常冗长，并且几乎迫使您想要将 pem 文件转换为 p12 或 jks 文件，因为使用 p12 或 jks 文件要容易得多。我想给任何想要替代已经提供的答案的人。

GitHub - SSLContext Kickstart

var keyManager = PemUtils.loadIdentityMaterial("certificate-chain.pem", "private-key.pem");
var trustManager = PemUtils.loadTrustMaterial("some-trusted-certificate.pem");

var sslFactory = SSLFactory.builder()
          .withIdentityMaterial(keyManager)
          .withTrustMaterial(trustManager)
          .build();

var sslContext = sslFactory.getSslContext();

我需要在这里提供一些免责声明，我是图书馆维护者

Answer 10

我是从互联网上得到的。它适用于包含多个条目的 pem 文件。

#!/bin/bash
pemToJks()
{
        # number of certs in the PEM file
        pemCerts=$1
        certPass=$2
        newCert=$(basename "$pemCerts")
        newCert="${newCert%%.*}"
        newCert="${newCert}"".JKS"
        ##echo $newCert $pemCerts $certPass
        CERTS=$(grep 'END CERTIFICATE' $pemCerts| wc -l)
        echo $CERTS
        # For every cert in the PEM file, extract it and import into the JKS keystore
        # awk command: step 1, if line is in the desired cert, print the line
        #              step 2, increment counter when last line of cert is found
        for N in $(seq 0 $(($CERTS - 1))); do
          ALIAS="${pemCerts%.*}-$N"
          cat $pemCerts |
                awk "n==$N { print }; /END CERTIFICATE/ { n++ }" |
                $KEYTOOLCMD -noprompt -import -trustcacerts \
                                -alias $ALIAS -keystore $newCert -storepass $certPass
        done
}
pemToJks <pem to import> <pass for new jks>