opengl - `gluOrtho2d` 的现代等价物

Question

OpenGL函数的现代等价物是gluOrtho2d什么？ clang正在给我弃用警告。我相信我需要编写某种顶点着色器？它应该是什么样子？

score 15 · Accepted Answer

我开始回答这个问题时想“这没什么不同，你只需要......”。我开始编写一些代码来证明自己是对的，但最终并没有真正这样做。无论如何，这是我努力的成果：“现代”OpenGL 的最小注释示例。

在现代 OpenGL 开始像老式 OpenGL 一样运行之前，您需要编写大量代码。我不会深入探讨您可能喜欢（或不喜欢）以新方式进行操作的原因——还有无数其他答案可以给出很好的概述。相反，如果您愿意，我将发布一些可以让您运行的最小代码。

你应该最终得到这件令人惊叹的艺术品：

一个非常棒的洋红色三角形

基本渲染过程

第 1 部分：顶点缓冲区

void TestDraw(){
    // create a vertex buffer (This is a buffer in video memory)
    GLuint my_vertex_buffer;
    glGenBuffers(1 /*ask for one buffer*/, &my_vertex_buffer);

    const float a_2d_triangle[] =
    {
        200.0f, 10.0f,
        10.0f, 200.0f,
        400.0f, 200.0f
    };

    // GL_ARRAY_BUFFER indicates we're using this for 
    // vertex data (as opposed to things like feedback, index, or texture data)
    // so this call says use my_vertex_data as the vertex data source
    // this will become relevant as we make draw calls later 
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, my_vertex_buffer);


    // allocate some space for our buffer

    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 4096, NULL, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);

    // we've been a bit optimistic, asking for 4k of space even 
    // though there is only one triangle.
    // the NULL source indicates that we don't have any data 
    // to fill the buffer quite yet.
    // GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW indicates that we intend to change the buffer
    // data from frame-to-frame.
    // the idea is that we can place more than 3(!) vertices in the
    // buffer later as part of normal drawing activity

    // now we actually put the vertices into the buffer.
    glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, sizeof(a_2d_triangle), a_2d_triangle);

第 2 部分：顶点数组对象：

我们需要定义 my_vertex_array 中包含的数据的结构。此状态包含在顶点数组对象 (VAO) 中。在现代 OpenGL 中至少需要其中之一

    GLuint my_vao;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &my_vao);

    //lets use the VAO we created
    glBindVertexArray(my_vao);

    // now we need to tell the VAO how the vertices in my_vertex_buffer
    // are structured
    // our vertices are really simple: each one has 2 floats of position data
    // they could have been more complicated (texture coordinates, color -- 
    // whatever you want)

    // enable the first attribute in our VAO
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    // describe what the data for this attribute is like
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, // the index we just enabled
        2, // the number of components (our two position floats) 
        GL_FLOAT, // the type of each component
        false, // should the GL normalize this for us?
        2 * sizeof(float), // number of bytes until the next component like this
        (void*)0); // the offset into our vertex buffer where this element starts

第 3 部分：着色器

好的，我们已经设置好了源数据，现在我们可以设置将其转换为像素的着色器

    // first create some ids
    GLuint my_shader_program = glCreateProgram();
    GLuint my_fragment_shader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
    GLuint my_vertex_shader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);

    // we'll need to compile the vertex shader and fragment shader
    // and then link them into a full "shader program"
    // load one string from &my_fragment_source
    // the NULL indicates that the string is null-terminated
    const char* my_fragment_source = FragmentSourceFromSomewhere();
    glShaderSource(my_fragment_shader, 1, &my_fragment_source, NULL);
    // now compile it:
    glCompileShader(my_fragment_shader);

    // then check the result
    GLint compiled_ok;
    glGetShaderiv(my_fragment_shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled_ok);
    if (!compiled_ok){ printf("Oh Noes, fragment shader didn't compile!\n"); }
    else{
        glAttachShader(my_shader_program, my_fragment_shader);
    }

    // and again for the vertex shader
    const char* my_vertex_source = VertexSourceFromSomewhere();
    glShaderSource(my_vertex_shader, 1, &my_vertex_source, NULL);
    glCompileShader(my_vertex_shader);
    glGetShaderiv(my_vertex_shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled_ok);
    if (!compiled_ok){ printf("Oh Noes, vertex shader didn't compile!\n"); }
    else{
        glAttachShader(my_shader_program, my_vertex_shader);
    }

    //finally, link the program, and set it active
    glLinkProgram(my_shader_program);
    glUseProgram(my_shader_program);

第 4 部分：在屏幕上绘制东西

    //get the screen size
    float my_viewport[4];
    glGetFloatv(GL_VIEWPORT, my_viewport);

    //now create a projection matrix
    float my_proj_matrix[16];
    MyOrtho2D(my_proj_matrix, 0.0f, my_viewport[2], my_viewport[3], 0.0f);

    //"uProjectionMatrix" refers directly to the variable of that name in 
    // shader source
    GLuint my_projection_ref = 
        glGetUniformLocation(my_shader_program, "uProjectionMatrix");

    // send our projection matrix to the shader
    glUniformMatrix4fv(my_projection_ref, 1, GL_FALSE, my_proj_matrix );


    //clear the background
    glClearColor(0.3, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT| GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    // *now* after that tiny setup, we're ready to draw the best 24 bytes of
    // vertex data ever.

    // draw the 3 vertices starting at index 0, interpreting them as triangles
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);

    // now just swap buffers however your window manager lets you
}

就是这样！

... 除了实际

着色器

我开始有点累了，所以评论有点缺乏。如果您想澄清任何事情，请告诉我。

const char* VertexSourceFromSomewhere()
{
    return
        "#version 330\n"
        "layout(location = 0) in vec2 inCoord;\n"
        "uniform mat4 uProjectionMatrix;\n"
        "void main()\n"
        "{\n"
        "    gl_Position = uProjectionMatrix*(vec4(inCoord, 0, 1.0));\n"
        "}\n";
}

const char* FragmentSourceFromSomewhere()
{
    return
        "#version 330 \n"
        "out vec4 outFragColor;\n"
        "vec4 DebugMagenta(){ return vec4(1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0); }\n"
        "void main() \n"
        "{\n"
        "   outFragColor = DebugMagenta();\n"
        "}\n";
}

你问的实际问题：正交投影

如前所述，实际数学直接来自维基百科。

void MyOrtho2D(float* mat, float left, float right, float bottom, float top)
{
    // this is basically from
    // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_projection_(geometry)
    const float zNear = -1.0f;
    const float zFar = 1.0f;
    const float inv_z = 1.0f / (zFar - zNear);
    const float inv_y = 1.0f / (top - bottom);
    const float inv_x = 1.0f / (right - left);

    //first column
    *mat++ = (2.0f*inv_x);
    *mat++ = (0.0f);
    *mat++ = (0.0f);
    *mat++ = (0.0f);

    //second
    *mat++ = (0.0f);
    *mat++ = (2.0*inv_y);
    *mat++ = (0.0f);
    *mat++ = (0.0f);

    //third
    *mat++ = (0.0f);
    *mat++ = (0.0f);
    *mat++ = (-2.0f*inv_z);
    *mat++ = (0.0f);

    //fourth
    *mat++ = (-(right + left)*inv_x);
    *mat++ = (-(top + bottom)*inv_y);
    *mat++ = (-(zFar + zNear)*inv_z);
    *mat++ = (1.0f);
}